Descriptive Analysis the Profile of Drug Abuse among Adolescents

This study aims to identify the profile of substance abuse among adolescents and to determine the cause of drug addiction, the efforts to prevent drug abuse as well as their expectations after recovery

Pengaruh Keagamaan dengan Bimbingan dan Kaunseling terhadap Kecenderungan Penyalahgunaan Dadah dalam Kalangan Pelajar

This research purposes at finding out the correlation between religious and counselling application and the trend of the students of SMAN Makassar to use drug. The data are collected by religious scale,counselling application scale, and the scale of drug abuse.The object of the research consists of 956 of XI year class of SMAN Makassar. The data analysis applies Multiple Regression technique. The findings shows that (1) there is a significant corre-lation between religious application and the use of drug of the students of SMAN Makassar, wherep = 0,000. (2)The study did not find any significant correlation between counselling application and drug abuse of the students of SMAN Makassar, where p =0,05

Pengaruh Resilience Remaja Terhadap Penyalahgunaan Dadah

Drug abuse behavior is one of part problem in the world need seriously treatment because very much the victims specially the teenagers. The aims of this research toexa mine the impact resilience with drug abuse and this research also seek to examine theimpact drug abuse according the gender. Quantitative method is kind of research. Data were obtained by administering a Resilence Scaleand Drug Abuse Screening Test. There are76 teenagers using drug as sample population. Data were analyzed by applying AnalyzisRegression using SPSS for Windows 21.00 program. The results indicated that therewere a significant (p=0,043) the impact to resilience with drug abuse among teenegers. Furthermore there was no significant (p = 0.110) the impact in drug abuse according gende

Remaja dan Dadah

Penyelidikan ini untuk mengkaji kajian-kajian teoretis terdahulu mengenai remaja dan dadah. Para ahli psikologi khasnya psikologi perkembangan menaruh perhatian yang sangat besar terhadap remaja. Masa remaja adalah masa yang penuh cabaran, cubaan, gejolak dan tekanan sehingga menimbulkan high risk behavior. Remaja sangat terkait dengan perilaku berisiko khasnya penyalahgunaan dadah kerana impak daripada pertumbuhan dan perkembangan yang remaja alami. Kondisi psikologis remaja dengan lingkungan persekitarannya yang saling mempengaruhi menyebabkan mereka berfikir untuk melakukan perilaku anti sosial atau perilaku pro sosial. Jika lingkungan keluarga, sekolah dan kumpulan geng dan lingkungan persekitarannya menyediakan sokongan yang baik maka tidak akan memberikan peluang kepada remaja berperilaku berisiko seperti dikeluarkan daripada sekolah, kenakalan remaja, kehamilan remaja tanpa adanya ikatan perkahwinan, perilaku penyalahgunaan dadah, bahkan perilaku bunuh diri. Remaja tak menyedari kesan yang boleh diperoleh daripada dadah ini

Pengaruh Resilience Remaja terhadap Penyalahgunaan Dadah

Drug abuse behavior is one of part problem in the world need seriously treatment because very much the victims specially the teenagers. The aims of this research to examine the impact resilience with drug abuse and this research also seek to examine the impact drug abuse according the gender. Quantitative method is kind of research. Data were obtained by administering a Resilience Scale and Drug Abuse Screening Test. There are 76 teenagers using drug as sample population. Data were analyzed by applying Analyzis Regression using SPSS for Windows 21.00 program.The results indicated that there were a significant (p=0,043) the impact to resilience with drug abuse among teenegers. Furthermore there was no significant (p = 0.110) the impact in drug abuse according gender

Pengaruh Coping Strategy terhadap Penyalahgunaan Dadah dalam Kalangan Pelajar

Penyalahgunaan dadah merupakan salah satu masalah global yang sangat perlu diselesaikan. Berbagai bangsa bersepakat memberantas dadah dengan melakukan bermacam-macam strategi. Strategi yang dilakukan berbeda-beda antara satu negara dengan negara lainnya seperti cara mencegah penyalahgunaan dadah, penanganan pemberian treatment dan therapy baik yang telah ketergantungan dadah atau tidak, perbedaan dalam pemberian hukuman maupun perbedaan dalam melenyapkan peredaran dadah. Taib (2010) mengatakan masalah dadah akan berlanjutan jika pusat penghasil dadah di dunia iaitu kawasan Segi tiga Emas (Golden Triangle) dan Bulan Sabit Emas (Golden Crescent) masih menghasilkan dadah. Perilaku penyalahgunaan dadah juga telah merebak ke Indonesia. Sinar Indonesia, 15 April 2008 menjelaskan bahwa Indonesia menambah lagi “daftar hitam” negara di kawasan Asia Tenggara karena dadah. Munculnya realitas tersebut disebabkan Indonesia menjadi salah satu negara khasnya di Jakarta sebagai sasaran sindikat pengedaran dadah (Kompas, 28 Desember 2011), sehingga makin memperluas dampak yang ditimbulkannya

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Measuring routine childhood vaccination coverage in 204 countries and territories, 1980-2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020, Release 1

Background Measuring routine childhood vaccination is crucial to inform global vaccine policies and programme implementation, and to track progress towards targets set by the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) and Immunization Agenda 2030. Robust estimates of routine vaccine coverage are needed to identify past successes and persistent vulnerabilities. Drawing from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020, Release 1, we did a systematic analysis of global, regional, and national vaccine coverage trends using a statistical framework, by vaccine and over time. Methods For this analysis we collated 55 326 country-specific, cohort-specific, year-specific, vaccine-specific, and dosespecific observations of routine childhood vaccination coverage between 1980 and 2019. Using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, we produced location-specific and year-specific estimates of 11 routine childhood vaccine coverage indicators for 204 countries and territories from 1980 to 2019, adjusting for biases in countryreported data and reflecting reported stockouts and supply disruptions. We analysed global and regional trends in coverage and numbers of zero-dose children (defined as those who never received a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis [DTP] vaccine dose), progress towards GVAP targets, and the relationship between vaccine coverage and sociodemographic development. Findings By 2019, global coverage of third-dose DTP (DTP3; 81.6% [95% uncertainty interval 80.4-82 .7]) more than doubled from levels estimated in 1980 (39.9% [37.5-42.1]), as did global coverage of the first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1; from 38.5% [35.4-41.3] in 1980 to 83.6% [82.3-84.8] in 2019). Third- dose polio vaccine (Pol3) coverage also increased, from 42.6% (41.4-44.1) in 1980 to 79.8% (78.4-81.1) in 2019, and global coverage of newer vaccines increased rapidly between 2000 and 2019. The global number of zero-dose children fell by nearly 75% between 1980 and 2019, from 56.8 million (52.6-60. 9) to 14.5 million (13.4-15.9). However, over the past decade, global vaccine coverage broadly plateaued; 94 countries and territories recorded decreasing DTP3 coverage since 2010. Only 11 countries and territories were estimated to have reached the national GVAP target of at least 90% coverage for all assessed vaccines in 2019. Interpretation After achieving large gains in childhood vaccine coverage worldwide, in much of the world this progress was stalled or reversed from 2010 to 2019. These findings underscore the importance of revisiting routine immunisation strategies and programmatic approaches, recentring service delivery around equity and underserved populations. Strengthening vaccine data and monitoring systems is crucial to these pursuits, now and through to 2030, to ensure that all children have access to, and can benefit from, lifesaving vaccines. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15-39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults. Methods Using the GBD 2019 methodology, international mortality data were collected from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry inputs modelled with mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Incidence was computed with mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated using modelled survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as age-specific cancer deaths multiplied by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. The main outcome was DALYs (the sum of YLLs and YLDs). Estimates were presented globally and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles (countries ranked and divided into five equal SDI groups), and all estimates were presented with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). For this analysis, we used the age range of 15-39 years to define adolescents and young adults. Findings There were 1.19 million (95% UI 1.11-1.28) incident cancer cases and 396 000 (370 000-425 000) deaths due to cancer among people aged 15-39 years worldwide in 2019. The highest age-standardised incidence rates occurred in high SDI (59.6 [54.5-65.7] per 100 000 person-years) and high-middle SDI countries (53.2 [48.8-57.9] per 100 000 person-years), while the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in low-middle SDI (14.2 [12.9-15.6] per 100 000 person-years) and middle SDI (13.6 [12.6-14.8] per 100 000 person-years) countries. In 2019, adolescent and young adult cancers contributed 23.5 million (21.9-25.2) DALYs to the global burden of disease, of which 2.7% (1.9-3.6) came from YLDs and 97.3% (96.4-98.1) from YLLs. Cancer was the fourth leading cause of death and tenth leading cause of DALYs in adolescents and young adults globally. Interpretation Adolescent and young adult cancers contributed substantially to the overall adolescent and young adult disease burden globally in 2019. These results provide new insights into the distribution and magnitude of the adolescent and young adult cancer burden around the world. With notable differences observed across SDI settings, these estimates can inform global and country-level cancer control efforts. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Global, regional, and national sex-specific burden and control of the HIV epidemic, 1990-2019, for 204 countries and territories: the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019

Background: The sustainable development goals (SDGs) aim to end HIV/AIDS as a public health threat by 2030. Understanding the current state of the HIV epidemic and its change over time is essential to this effort. This study assesses the current sex-specific HIV burden in 204 countries and territories and measures progress in the control of the epidemic. Methods: To estimate age-specific and sex-specific trends in 48 of 204 countries, we extended the Estimation and Projection Package Age-Sex Model to also implement the spectrum paediatric model. We used this model in cases where age and sex specific HIV-seroprevalence surveys and antenatal care-clinic sentinel surveillance data were available. For the remaining 156 of 204 locations, we developed a cohort-incidence bias adjustment to derive incidence as a function of cause-of-death data from vital registration systems. The incidence was input to a custom Spectrum model. To assess progress, we measured the percentage change in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 (threshold >75% decline), the ratio of incident cases to number of people living with HIV (incidence-to-prevalence ratio threshold <0·03), and the ratio of incident cases to deaths (incidence-to-mortality ratio threshold <1·0). Findings: In 2019, there were 36·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 35·1–38·9) people living with HIV worldwide. There were 0·84 males (95% UI 0·78–0·91) per female living with HIV in 2019, 0·99 male infections (0·91–1·10) for every female infection, and 1·02 male deaths (0·95–1·10) per female death. Global progress in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 was driven by sub-Saharan Africa (with a 28·52% decrease in incident cases, 95% UI 19·58–35·43, and a 39·66% decrease in deaths, 36·49–42·36). Elsewhere, the incidence remained stable or increased, whereas deaths generally decreased. In 2019, the global incidence-to-prevalence ratio was 0·05 (95% UI 0·05–0·06) and the global incidence-to-mortality ratio was 1·94 (1·76–2·12). No regions met suggested thresholds for progress. Interpretation: Sub-Saharan Africa had both the highest HIV burden and the greatest progress between 1990 and 2019. The number of incident cases and deaths in males and females approached parity in 2019, although there remained more females with HIV than males with HIV. Globally, the HIV epidemic is far from the UNAIDS benchmarks on progress metrics. Funding: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the National Institute of Mental Health of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the National Institute on Aging of the NIH