Effect of Gate Length Scaling on Various Performance Parameters in DG-FinFETs: a Simulation Study

This paper presents a simulation study on the gate length scaling of a double gate (DG) FinFET. To achieve channel lengths smaller than 20 nm, innovative device architectures will be necessary to continue the benefits previously acquired through scaling. In order to obtain desirable control of short channel effects (SCEs), the thickness or the horizontal width of a fin in a FinFET should be less than two-third of its gate length and the semiconductor fin should be thin enough in the channel region to ensure forming fully depleted device. The effect of decreasing gate length (Lg) is to deplete more of the region under the inversion layer, which can be easily visualized if the source and drain are imagined to approach one another. If the channel length L is made too small relative to the depletion regions around the source and drain, the SCEs associated with charge sharing and punch through can become intolerable. Thus, to make L small, the depletion region widths should be made small. This can be done by increasing the substrate doping concentration and decreasing the reverse bias. Drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) increases as gate length is reduced, even at zero applied drain bias, because the source and drain form pn junction with the body, and have associated built-in depletion layers associated with them that become significant partners in charge balance at short channel lengths, even with no reverse bias applied to increase depletion width. The subthreshold slope increases as the device becomes shorter. In fact, when the device becomes very short, the gate no longer controls the drain current and the device cannot be turned off. This is caused by punch through effect. The subthreshold swing (SS) changes with the drain voltage. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/2960

Nutritionally Enhanced Staple Food Crops

Crop biofortification is a sustainable and cost-effective strategy to address malnutrition in developing countries. This review synthesizes the progress toward developing seed micronutrient-dense cereals and legumes cultivars by exploiting natural genetic variation using conventional breeding and/or transgenic technology, and discusses the associated issues to strengthen crop biofortification research and development. Some major QTL for seed iron and zinc, seed phosphorus, and seed phytate in common bean, rice,J;md wheat have been mapped. An iron reductase QTL associated with seed-iron ~QTL is found in common bean where the genes coding for candidate enzymes involved in phytic acid synthesis have also been mapped. Candidate genes for Ipa co segregate with mutant phenotypes identified in rice and soybean. The Gpe-B1 locus in wild emmer wheat accelerates senescence and increases nutrient remobilization from leaves to developing seeds, and another gene named TtNAM-B1 affecting these traits has been cloned. Seed iron-dense common bean and rice in Latin America; seed iron-dense common bean in eastern and southern Africa;....

Exogenous applications of gibberellic acid modulate the growth, flowering and longevity of calla lily

Calla lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng.) is an important ornamental crop used in garden landscapes, floral arrangements, and medicinal applications. Gibberellic acid (GA3) is actively involved in cell elongation, growth, physiology, and flowering. In addition, it is an environmentally-friendly compound which can be applied to plants to increase the ornamental production. Therefore, the present study was designed with three GA3 spray times viz., single, double and triple spray and five exogenous applications of gibberellic acid concentrations viz., 0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg L−1 with factorial randomized block design. Results revealed that the interaction effect of combinations of two time applications of GA3 at 100 mg L−1 induced higher growth parameters over control. Significantly higher physiological parameters viz., photosynthetic rate (14.3 μmol m−2s−1), number of stomata (26.5 mm−2), stomatal conductance (0.28 mmol m−2s−1), and transpiration rate (3.6 mmol m−2s−1) were reported when plants were treated twice with 100 mg L−1 GA3. Similarly, among flowering traits, days to flower were significantly low in plants treated two-time spray at GA3 100 mg L−1 (169.8 days). The number of flowers in the double spray at GA3 100 mg L−1 treatment increased by 11.3 and 23.7% over triple spray and control, respectively. Vase life was also significantly higher in plants treated with double spray at GA3 100 mg L−1 (6.3 days). The regression equation and correlation matrix indicated a strong relationship between growth, flowering and GA3 concentrations up to 100 mg L−1. The PCA analysis revealed that the calla lily crop is positively affected by spray timing and GA3 treatments. In the context of vegetative, reproductive, and longevity parameters of the crop, a dual spray of 100 mg L−1 GA3 can be recommended to small scale farmers and commercial growers as an alternative technique for promoting growth, yield and improving the ornamental value for commercial level production

Phytoremediation toward Air Pollutants: Latest Status and Current Developments

In recent years, air pollution has become one of the major environmental concerns that threaten health of the living organisms and its surroundings. Increasing urbanization, industrialization, and other anthropogenic activities impaired the air quality of indoor and outdoor environment. However, global organizations are focusing on ecological and biological means of solutions to reduce or eliminate dangerous contaminants from ecosystems in a sustainable manner. In this fact, plants are capable of improving or cleansing air quality and reduce the concentration of harmful pollutants from the environment through various remediation processes. Plants interact with air pollutants and fix them through various biological mechanisms in both associated and non-associated forms of microbes. In association forms, the mutualistic interaction of plant and microbes leads to higher growth efficiency of plants and results in enhanced pollutant degradation in rhizosphere as well as phyllosphere. In this background, the book chapter provides a comprehensive discussion of the existing literature and recent advances in phytoremediation process for the mitigation of harmful air pollutants. The role of indoor plants and aids for the enhancement of phytoremediation process towards air pollutants are also discussed