Theoretical Predictors of Delinquency In and Out of School Among a Sample of Rural Public School Youth

This paper compares predictors of in-school and out-of-school delinquency and is based on data collected from 2,011 subjects at two elementary, one middle, and one high school in a rural school district. Predictors were derived from a variety of theoretical perspectives including social organization and social control; interactionist theory; differential association and social learning; strain, culture conflict, and critical theory. In addition, several demographic variables were included in the analysis. Regression results revealed that negative peer influence, victimization experience, attachment to school, gender, general strain, alienation, and the student’s self-reported response to a weapon at school were significant predictors of delinquency both in and out of school. Moreover, the relative contribution of each predictor in explaining delinquency was similar in the in-school and outside-school models. The paper concludes with a discussion of the policy implications of these findings for the schools studied

Examining Theoretical Predicators of Substance Use Among a Sample of Incarcerated Youth

A wide variety of theoretical perspectives have been found to have an association with substance abuse. Most of these studies use data from samples of public school students and thus capture only part of the youth population. Using data from approximately 800 delinquents incarcerated in a Midwestern state, we examine the association between attitudes about drug and alcohol use and use of drugs and four theoretical perspectives: nonsocial reinforcement theory, social learning theory, social control theory, and strain theory. Our findings suggest that nonsocial reinforcement is the best predictor of both preference for and use of illegal substances among this sample, followed closely by social learning theory. Implications for policy and future research are also discussed

Body mass index best predicts recovery of recombinant factor VIII in underweight to obese patients with severe haemophilia A

Background Factor VIII (FVIII) products are usually dosed according to body weight (BW). This may lead to under- or over-dosing in underweight or obese patients, respectively. Objective This article evaluates the pharmacokinetics (PK) of recombinant FVIII concentrate, particularly recovery, in relation to body mass index (BMI) and other body composition descriptors. Materials and Methods Thirty-five previously treated adults with severe haemophilia A from five BMI categories (underweight, normal, overweight, obese class I and II/III) were included. PK was evaluated after 50 IU per kilogram of BW single-dose recombinant FVIII (turoctocog alfa). The body composition variable was based on measurements of weight, height, bioimpedance analysis, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. A dosing model was derived to achieve similar peak FVIII activity levels across BMI categories. Results A statistically significant positive association between BMI and C30min, IR30min, and AUC0–inf was observed; CL and Vss showed a significant negative association with BMI; t½ was independent of BMI and other parameters. The dosing model introduced a correction factor ‘M’ for each BMI category, based on linear regression analysis of C30min against BMI, which ranged from 0.55 for underweight to 0.39 for obese class II/III. This model achieved similar peak FVIII activity levels across BMI categories, estimating an average dose adjustment of þ243.3 IU (underweight) to –1,489.6 IU (obese class II/III) to achieve similar C30min. Conclusion BMI appears to be the best predictor of recombinant FVIII recovery; however, PK endpoints were also dependent on other body composition variables. The model demonstrated that dosing can be adjusted for individual BMI to achieve better FVIII predictability across BMI categoriesThis work was funded by Novo Nordisk A/S (Bagsværd, Denmark)

Gendering Human Rights Violations: The case of interpersonal violence: Final Report 2004-2007

Three years of project work are hardly enough to declare that a radical change has taken place in the overall understanding of violence in interpersonal relationships. However, it is fair to say that a new basis for conceptualising and using knowledge on violence has been laid by this Coordination Action on Human Rights Violations (CAHRV). The final report of CAHRV details on the objectives, methodology and scope of the project. But what is the value of this type of project for the European Union? How does this project contribute to the overall policy objectives of the EU

Integration of time-series meta-omics data reveals how microbial ecosystems respond to disturbance.

The development of reliable, mixed-culture biotechnological processes hinges on understanding how microbial ecosystems respond to disturbances. Here we reveal extensive phenotypic plasticity and niche complementarity in oleaginous microbial populations from a biological wastewater treatment plant. We perform meta-omics analyses (metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics and metabolomics) on in situ samples over 14 months at weekly intervals. Based on 1,364 de novo metagenome-assembled genomes, we uncover four distinct fundamental niche types. Throughout the time-series, we observe a major, transient shift in community structure, coinciding with substrate availability changes. Functional omics data reveals extensive variation in gene expression and substrate usage amongst community members. Ex situ bioreactor experiments confirm that responses occur within five hours of a pulse disturbance, demonstrating rapid adaptation by specific populations. Our results show that community resistance and resilience are a function of phenotypic plasticity and niche complementarity, and set the foundation for future ecological engineering efforts

The state of the Martian climate

60°N was +2.0°C, relative to the 1981–2010 average value (Fig. 5.1). This marks a new high for the record. The average annual surface air temperature (SAT) anomaly for 2016 for land stations north of starting in 1900, and is a significant increase over the previous highest value of +1.2°C, which was observed in 2007, 2011, and 2015. Average global annual temperatures also showed record values in 2015 and 2016. Currently, the Arctic is warming at more than twice the rate of lower latitudes

Siesta: Recent developments and applications

A review of the present status, recent enhancements, and applicability of the Siesta program is presented. Since its debut in the mid-1990s, Siesta?s flexibility, efficiency, and free distribution have given advanced materials simulation capabilities to many groups worldwide. The core methodological scheme of Siesta combines finite-support pseudo-atomic orbitals as basis sets, norm-conserving pseudopotentials, and a real-space grid for the representation of charge density and potentials and the computation of their associated matrix elements. Here, we describe the more recent implementations on top of that core scheme, which include full spin?orbit interaction, non-repeated and multiple-contact ballistic electron transport, density functional theory (DFT)+U and hybrid functionals, time-dependent DFT, novel reduced-scaling solvers, density-functional perturbation theory, efficient van der Waals non-local density functionals, and enhanced molecular-dynamics options. In addition, a substantial effort has been made in enhancing interoperability and interfacing with other codes and utilities, such as wannier90 and the second-principles modeling it can be used for, an AiiDA plugin for workflow automatization, interface to Lua for steering Siesta runs, and various post-processing utilities. Siesta has also been engaged in the Electronic Structure Library effort from its inception, which has allowed the sharing of various low-level libraries, as well as data standards and support for them, particularly the PSeudopotential Markup Language definition and library for transferable pseudopotentials, and the interface to the ELectronic Structure Infrastructure library of solvers. Code sharing is made easier by the new open-source licensing model of the program. This review also presents examples of application of the capabilities of the code, as well as a view of on-going and future developments.SIESTA development was historically supported by different Spanish National Plan projects (Project Nos. MEC-DGES-PB95-0202, MCyT-BFM2000-1312, MEC-BFM2003-03372, FIS2006-12117, FIS2009-12721, FIS2012-37549, FIS2015-64886-P, and RTC-2016-5681-7), the latter one together with Simune Atomistics Ltd. We are thankful for financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities through Grant No. PGC2018-096955-

Can bryophyte groups increase functional resolution in tundra ecosystems?

Funding Information: This study was supported by a grant to SL from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie, Grant No. 797446 and by the Independent Research Fund Denmark, Grant no. 0135-00140B. Funding from the Academy of Finland (grant 322266), National Science Foundation (1504224, 1836839, PLR-1504381 and PLR-1836898), Independent Research Fund Denmark (9040-00314B), Moscow State University, (project No 121032500089-1), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, ArcticNet, Polar Continental Shelf Program, Northern Science Training Program, Polar Knowledge Canada, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Tomsk State University competitiveness improvement program and the Russian Science Foundation (grant No 20-67-46018) are gratefully acknowledged. Matthias Ahrens provided valuable insights on the cushion growth form, and we are most thankful. We thank Gaius Shaver and two anonymous reviewers for providing valuable critique and input to earlier versions of this manuscript. Publisher Copyright: © the author(s) or their institution(s).The relative contribution of bryophytes to plant diversity, primary productivity, and ecosystem functioning increases towards colder climates. Bryophytes respond to environmental changes at the species level, but because bryophyte species are relatively difficult to identify, they are often lumped into one functional group. Consequently, bryophyte function remains poorly resolved. Here, we explore how higher resolution of bryophyte functional diversity can be encouraged and implemented in tundra ecological studies. We briefly review previous bryophyte functional classifications and the roles of bryophytes in tundra ecosystems and their susceptibility to environmental change. Based on shoot morphology and colony organization, we then propose twelve easily distinguishable bryophyte functional groups. To illustrate how bryophyte functional groups can help elucidate variation in bryophyte effects and responses, we compiled existing data on water holding capacity, a key bryophyte trait. Although plant functional groups can mask potentially high interspecific and intraspecific variability, we found better separation of bryophyte functional group means compared with previous grouping systems regarding water holding capacity. This suggests that our bryophyte functional groups truly represent variation in the functional roles of bryophytes in tundra ecosystems. Lastly, we provide recommendations to improve the monitoring of bryophyte community changes in tundra study sites.Peer reviewe

Ethical preferences for influencing superiors: A 41-society study

With a 41-society sample of 9990 managers and professionals, we used hierarchical linear modeling to investigate the impact of both macro-level and micro-level predictors on subordinate influence ethics. While we found that both macro-level and micro-level predictors contributed to the model definition, we also found global agreement for a subordinate influence ethics hierarchy. Thus our findings provide evidence that developing a global model of subordinate ethics is possible, and should be based upon multiple criteria and multilevel variables