Association of socioeconomic status with overall overweight and central obesity in men and women: the French Nutrition and Health Survey 2006

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Identification of subpopulations at high risk of overweight and obesity is crucial for prevention and management of obesity in different socioeconomic status (SES) categories. The objective of the study was to describe disparities in the prevalence of overweight and obesity across socioeconomic status (SES) groups in 18–74 year-old French adults.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Analyses were based on a multistage stratified random sample of non-institutionalized adults aged 18–74-years-old from the French Nutrition and Health Survey (ENNS), a cross-sectional national survey carried out in 2006/2007. Collected data included measured anthropometry (weight, height and waist circumference (WC)), demographic and SES data (occupation, education and frequency of holiday trips as a marker of family income). SES factors associated with overweight (BMI ≥ 25) and central obesity (WC above gender-specific references) were identified using multiple logistic regression.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Almost half (49.3%) of French adults were overweight or obese and 16.9% were obese. In men, the risk of overall overweight or obesity was associated with occupation (p < 0.05), whereas the risk of central obesity was independently associated with occupation (p < 0.05) and frequency of holiday trips (p < 0.01). In women, both overall and central overweight and obesity were independently associated with educational level (respectively p < 10^-3and p < 10^-3) and frequency of holiday trips (respectively p < 0.05 and p < 10^-3).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The prevalence of overweight and obesity was found to be similar to that of several neighbouring western European countries, and lower than the UK and eastern Europe. Risk of being overweight or obese varied across SES groups both in men and women, but associations were different between men and women, indicating differing determinants.</p

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Function and structure of the complex between HIV-1 integrase and two cellular partners (LEDGF, INI1)

Le génome viral inversement transcrit du VIH-1 (Virus de l'Immunodéficience Humaine type 1 est intégré dans le génome de la cellule cible par l'intégrase, une protéine virale de 288 acides aminés. L'intégrase est partie intégrante d'un important complexe nucléoprotéique, le complexe de pré-intégration (CPI). Ce complexe est formé après la reverse transcription dans le cytoplasme de la cellule infectée. Il migre par l'intermédiaire des microtubules jusqu à l'enveloppe nucléaire où il est transporté dans le noyau à travers le pore nucléaire. Le CPI est composé d'ADN et de protéines virales dont l'intégrase. D autres protéines virales (VPR, NC, CA) et des protéines cellulaires participent à ce complexe. Parmi les protéines cellulaires identifiées s'illustrent notamment LEDGF (Lens Epithelium-Derived Growth Factor) et INI1 (INtegrase Interactor 1). Cette protéine aussi appelée SNF5 est une composante du complexe SWI-SNF de remodelage de la chromatine. Mon travail de thèse s'articule autour de la résolution de structures tridimensionnelles de l'intégrase du VIH-1 en complexe avec LEDGF et INI1. Mon sujet consistait à réaliser une stratégie permettant d'aboutir à la formation in vitro de ce complexe. Par une analyse bioinformatique de la protéine INI1, j ai défini les limites de différents domaines potentiellement stables d'INI1 contenant le domaine de liaison à l'intégrase (IBD). Après clonage et expression dans le système bactérien E.coli. J ai mis au point la production à grande échelle et la purification des fragments ayant la meilleure solubilité. Après avoir obtenu un complexe stable, J ai résolu la structure du complexe ternaire entre l'intégrase pleine longueur type sauvage, LEDGF et l'IBD d'INI1 par microscopie électronique. Les structures cristallographiques connues des domaines de l'intégrase ont été positionnées dans la carte de densité électronique. J ai mis au point des tests fonctionnels originaux basées sur les techniques d'anisotropie de fluorescence qui m ont permis de tester l'affinité du complexe pour l'ADN ainsi que l'activité enzymatique de 3 processing. Les résultats indiquent qu au sein du complexe ternaire, l'IBD de INI1 réduit significativement l'affinité pour l'ADN cible et dans une moindre mesure l'affinité pour l'ADN viral. De plus, l'IBD d'INI1 inhibe totalement la réaction de 3 processing. La structure du complexe ternaire nous permet de visualiser les postions relatives des différentes protéines dans le complexe. On montre que le complexe est formé de 4 molécules d'intégrase, deux molécules de LEDGF et deux molécules d'INI1. La combinaison de ces résultats avec les tests fonctionnels nous permettent de proposer un modèle et un rôle pour INI1 qui serait d'empêcher l'auto intégration de l'ADN viral sur lui-même quand le CPI se trouve dans le noyau cellulaire.The viral genome reverse transcribed from the HIV-1 (Human Immunodeficiency Virus type I) is integrated in the target cell genome by the integrase, a viral protein of 288 amino acids The integrase is a part of an important nucleo- proteique complex, the preintegration complex (PIC). This complex is formed after the reverse transcription in the cytoplasm of infected cells. It migrates along the microtubules up to the nuclear envelope where it is carried in the nucleus through the nuclear pore. The PIC is composed of DNA, and viral proteins including integrase. Other viral proteins (VPR, NC, CA) and cellular proteins are part of this complex. Among the cellular proteins, two of them are the object of this work: LEDGF (Lens Epithelium-Derived Growth Factor) and INI1 (INtegrase Interactor 1). This last protein, also called SNF5, is a component of the SWI-SNF chromatin remodeling complex. The object of my PhD work is the understanding of the structure function relationship with the 3D structure solving of the complex between HIV-1 integrase in complex with LEDGF and INI1. I set up a strategy to reconstitute this complex in vitro. Using a bioinformatic approach, I defined the limits of domains, containing the region interacting with integrase, potentially stable of INI1 After cloning and expression in E. coli, I set up the production and purification of the more soluble fragments. After obtaining a stable complex I solved by electron microscopy the structure of the complex between the integrase, LEDGF and INI1. The known crystallographic structures of the integrase domains where fitted in the EM map. I set up functional tests based on fluorescence anisotropy, which permit us to test the affinity of the complex for DNA and the 3 processing activity. The results show that INI1 reduces the affinity for the target DNA and for the viral DNA. Moreover INI1 inhibits totally the 3 processing reaction. The structure of the ternary complex shows the relative position of the different proteins in the complex. We show that the complex is made of 4 integrases molecule, 2 LEDGF and 2 INI1 molecules. The comparison of these results with the functional tests allows us to propose a model and a role for INI1 which would be to prevent the auto integration of the viral DNA on itself when the PIC is in the nucleus

Online ion-exchange chromatography for small-angle X-ray scattering

International audienceBiological small-angle X-ray scattering (BioSAXS) is a powerful technique to determine the solution structure, particle size, shape and surface-to-volume ratio of macromolecules. However, a drawback is that the sample needs to be monodisperse. To ensure this, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) has been implemented on many BioSAXS beamlines. Here, the integration of ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) using both continuous linear and step gradients on a beamline is described. Background subtraction for continuous gradients by shifting a reference measurement and two different approaches for step gradients, which are based on interpolating between two background measurements, are discussed. The results presented here serve as a proof of principle for online IEC and subsequent data treatment

Modélisation génétique de l'architecture et des hétérogénéites sédimentaires de la plaine alluviale de la Bassée (Seine supérieure)

International audienc

Production of unstable proteins through the formation of stable core complexes

International audiencePurification of proteins that participate in large transient complexes is impeded by low amounts, heterogeneity, instability and poor solubility. To circumvent these difficulties we set up a methodology that enables the production of stable complexes for structural and functional studies. This procedure is benchmarked and applied to two challenging protein families: the human steroid nuclear receptors (SNR) and the HIV-1 pre-integration complex. In the context of transcriptional regulation studies, we produce and characterize the ligand-binding domains of the glucocorticoid nuclear receptor and the oestrogen receptor beta in complex with a TIF2 (transcriptional intermediary factor 2) domain containing the three SNR-binding motifs. In the context of retroviral integration, we demonstrate the stabilization of the HIV-1 integrase by formation of complexes with partner proteins and DNA. This procedure provides a powerful research tool for structural and functional studies of proteins participating in non-covalent macromolecular complexes

Design and control of a low-cost autonomous profiling float

International audienceThis paper presents the development made around the SeaBot, a new low-cost profiling float design for shallow water. We introduce a simplified dynamical model of the float and propose a state feedback depth controller coupled with an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to estimate model parameters. We show experimental results of the depth control that validate the model and the controller. We finally propose a loop design method to build low-cost floats by highlighting key design choices along with design rules

Wireless Based System for Continuous Electrocardiography Monitoring during Surgery

International audience—This paper presents a system designed for wireless acquisition, the recording of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals and the monitoring of the heart's health during surgery. This wireless recording system allows us to visualize and monitor the state of the heart's health during a surgery, even if the patient is moved from the operating theater to post anesthesia care unit. The acquired signal is transmitted via a Bluetooth unit to a PC where the data are displayed, stored and processed. To test the reliability of our system, a comparison between ECG signals processed by a conventional ECG monitoring system (Datex-Ohmeda) and by our wireless system is made. The comparison is based on the shape of the ECG signal, the duration of the QRS complex, the P and T waves, as well as the position of the ST segments with respect to the isoelectric line. The proposed system is presented and discussed. The results have confirmed that the use of Bluetooth during surgery does not affect the devices used and vice versa. Pre-and post-processing steps are briefly discussed. Experimental results are also provided