Long term effects of ionising radiation in the Chernobyl Exclusion zone on DNA integrity and chemical defence systems of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)

The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (ChNPP) accident in 1986 resulted in extremely high levels of acute ionising radiation, that killed or damaged Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) trees in the surrounding areas. Dead trees were cleared and buried, and new plantations established a few years later. Today, more than three decades later, gamma and beta-radiation near the ChNPP is still elevated compared with ambient levels but have decreased by a factor of 300 and 100, respectively. In the present work, Scots pine-trees growing at High (220 μGy h−1), Medium (11 μGy h−1), and Low (0.2 μGy h−1) total (internal + external) dose rates of chronically elevated ionising radiation in the Chernobyl Exclusion zone were investigated with respect to possible damage to DNA, cells and organelles, as well as potentially increased levels of phenolic and terpenoid antioxidants. Scots pine from the High and Medium radiation sites had elevated levels of DNA damage in shoot tips and needles as shown by the COMET assay, as well as increased numbers of resin ducts and subcellular abnormalities in needles. Needles from the High radiation site showed elevated levels of monoterpenes and condensed tannins compared with those from the other sites. In conclusion, more than three decades after the ChNPP accident substantial DNA damage and (sub)cellular effects, but also mobilisation of stress-protective substances possessing antioxidant activity were observed in Scots pine trees growing at elevated levels of ionising radiation. This demonstrates that the radiation levels in the Red Forest still significantly impact the plant community.publishedVersio

Coping styles relate to health and work environment of Norwegian and Dutch hospital nurses:A comparative study

Nurses exposed to high nursing stress report no health complaints as long as they have high coping abilities. The purpose of this study was to investigate coping styles in relation to the health status and work environment of Norwegian and Dutch hospital nurses. This comparative study included a random sample of 5400 Norwegian nurses and a convenience sample of 588 Dutch nurses. Coping, health, and work environment were assessed by questionnaire in both samples and associations were investigated bivariately and multi-variately. We found that active problem-solving coping was associated with the health and work environment of Norwegian nurses but not with the health and work environment of Dutch. Passive coping (avoiding problems or waiting to see what happens) was found to relate to poor general health, poor mental health, low job control, and low job support in both Norwegian and Dutch nurses. Improvements in the nursing work environment may not only result in better mental health, but may also reduce passive coping

The role of anthropogenic habitats in freshwater mussel conservation

Anthropogenic freshwater habitats may provide undervalued prospects for long-term conservation as part of species conservation planning. This fundamental, but overlooked, issue requires attention considering the pace that humans have been altering natural freshwater ecosystems and the accelerated levels of biodiversity decline in recent decades. We compiled 709 records of freshwater mussels (Bivalvia, Unionida) inhabiting a broad variety of anthropogenic habitat types (from small ponds to large reservoirs and canals) and reviewed their importance as refuges for this faunal group. Most records came from Europe and North America, with a clear dominance of canals and reservoirs. The dataset covered 228 species, including 34 threatened species on the IUCN Red List. We discuss the conservation importance and provide guidance on how these anthropogenic habitats could be managed to provide optimal conservation value to freshwater mussels. This review also shows that some of these habitats may function as ecological traps owing to conflicting management practices or because they act as a sink for some populations. Therefore, anthropogenic habitats should not be seen as a panacea to resolve conservation problems. More information is necessary to better understand the trade-offs between human use and the conservation of freshwater mussels (and other biota) within anthropogenic habitats, given the low number of quantitative studies and the strong biogeographic knowledge bias that persists.This publication is based upon work from COST Action CA18239, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). A.M.L. was financed by the Institute of Environmental Sciences Jagiellonian University (N18/DBS/000003) and K.N. by the Aragón Government. The authors acknowledge Jarosław Andrzejewski, Bartosz Czader, Anna Fica, Marcin Horbacz, Tomasz Jonderko, Steinar Kålås, Tomasz Kapela, Bjørn Mejdell Larsen, Maciej Pabijan, Katarzyna Pawlik, Ilona Popławska, Joanna Przybylska, Tomasz Przybył, Mateusz Rybak, Kjell Sandaas, Jarosław Słowikowski, Tomasz Szczasny, Michał Zawadzki and Paweł Zowada for providing detailed information on specific examples concerning freshwater mussels in anthropogenic habitats. We thank the editor and two anonymous referees for the valuable suggestions made, which increased the clarity of our manuscript.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The microRNA response associated with methyl jasmonate-induced resistance in Norway spruce bark

Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment elicits induced resistance (IR) against pests and diseases in Norway spruce (Picea abies). We recently demonstrated using mRNA-seq that this MeJA-IR is associated with both a prolonged upregulation of inducible defenses and defense priming. Gene expression can be regulated at both a transcriptional and post-transcriptional level by small RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs). Here we explore the effects of MeJA treatment and subsequent challenge by wounding on the Norway spruce miRNA transcriptome. We found clusters of prolonged down- or upregulated miRNAs as well as miRNAs whose expression was primed after MeJA treatment and subsequent wounding challenge. Differentially expressed miRNAs included miR160, miR167, miR172, miR319, and the miR482/2118 superfamily. The most prominent mRNA targets predicted to be differentially expressed by miRNA activity belonged to the nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) family. Among other predicted miRNA targets were genes regulating jasmonic acid biosynthesis. Our results indicate that miRNAs have an important role in the regulation of MeJA-IR in Norway spruce

Depression in Cancer: the many biobehavioural pathways driving tumor progression

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is common among cancer patients, with prevalence rates up to four-times higher than the general population. Depression confers worse outcomes, including non-adherence to treatment and increased mortality in the oncology setting. Advances in the understanding of neurobiological underpinnings of depression have revealed shared biobehavioral mechanisms may contribute to cancer progression. Moreover, psychosocial stressors in cancer promote: (1) inflammation and oxidative/nitrosative stress; (2) a decreased immunosurveillance; and (3) a dysfunctional activation of the autonomic nervous system and of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Consequently, the prompt recognition of depression among patients with cancer who may benefit of treatment strategies targeting depressive symptoms, cognitive dysfunction, fatigue and sleep disturbances, is a public health priority. Moreover, behavioral strategies aiming at reducing psychological distress and depressive symptoms, including addressing unhealthy diet and life-style choices, as well as physical inactivity and sleep dysfunction, may represent important strategies not only to treat depression, but also to improve wider cancer-related outcomes. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the intertwined biobehavioural pathways linking depression to cancer progression. In addition, the clinical implications of these findings are critically reviewed

The expanded tomato fruit volatile landscape

[EN] The present review aims to synthesize our present knowledge about the mechanisms implied in the biosynthesis of volatile compounds in the ripe tomato fruit, which have a key role in tomato flavour. The difficulties in identifiying not only genes or genomic regions but also individual target compounds for plant breeding are addressed. Ample variability in the levels of almost any volatile compound exists, not only in the populations derived from interspecific crosses but also in heirloom varieties and even in commercial hybrids. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for all tomato aroma volatiles have been identified in collections derived from both intraspecific and interspecific crosses with different wild tomato species and they (i) fail to co-localize with structural genes in the volatile biosynthetic pathways and (ii) reveal very little coincidence in the genomic regions characterized, indicating that there is ample opportunity to reinforce the levels of the volatiles of interest. Some of the identified genes may be useful as markers or as biotechnological tools to enhance tomato aroma. Current knowledge about the major volatile biosynthetic pathways in the fruit is summarized. Finally, and based on recent reports, it is stressed that conjugation to other metabolites such as sugars seems to play a key role in the modulation of volatile release, at least in some metabolic pathways.We wish to thank the Metabolomics facility at the IBMCP for technical assistance. AG was supported by grants from MinECO and FECYT. This work was facilitated by the European-funded COST action FA1106 QualityFruit.Rambla Nebot, JL.; Tikunov, Y.; Monforte Gilabert, AJ.; Bovy, A.; Granell Richart, A. (2014). The expanded tomato fruit volatile landscape. Journal of Experimental Botany. 65(16):4613-4623. doi:10.1093/jxb/eru128S461346236516Abegaz, E. G., Tandon, K. S., Scott, J. W., Baldwin, E. A., & Shewfelt, R. L. (2004). 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Cytochrome P450-Dependent Metabolism of Oxylipins in Tomato. Cloning and Expression of Allene Oxide Synthase and Fatty Acid Hydroperoxide Lyase. Plant Physiology, 123(2), 711-724. doi:10.1104/pp.123.2.711Ilg, A., Beyer, P., & Al-Babili, S. (2008). Characterization of the rice carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 reveals a novel route for geranial biosynthesis. FEBS Journal, 276(3), 736-747. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06820.xKlee, H. J. (2010). Improving the flavor of fresh fruits: genomics, biochemistry, and biotechnology. New Phytologist, 187(1), 44-56. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03281.xKlee, H. J., & Giovannoni, J. J. (2011). Genetics and Control of Tomato Fruit Ripening and Quality Attributes. Annual Review of Genetics, 45(1), 41-59. doi:10.1146/annurev-genet-110410-132507Klee, H. J., & Tieman, D. M. (2013). Genetic challenges of flavor improvement in tomato. Trends in Genetics, 29(4), 257-262. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2012.12.003Koeduka, T., Fridman, E., Gang, D. R., Vassao, D. G., Jackson, B. L., Kish, C. M., … Pichersky, E. (2006). Eugenol and isoeugenol, characteristic aromatic constituents of spices, are biosynthesized via reduction of a coniferyl alcohol ester. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(26), 10128-10133. doi:10.1073/pnas.0603732103Kovács, K., Fray, R. G., Tikunov, Y., Graham, N., Bradley, G., Seymour, G. B., … Grierson, D. (2009). Effect of tomato pleiotropic ripening mutations on flavour volatile biosynthesis. Phytochemistry, 70(8), 1003-1008. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.05.014Kochevenko, A., Araújo, W. L., Maloney, G. S., Tieman, D. M., Do, P. T., Taylor, M. G., … Fernie, A. R. (2012). Catabolism of Branched Chain Amino Acids Supports Respiration but Not Volatile Synthesis in Tomato Fruits. Molecular Plant, 5(2), 366-375. doi:10.1093/mp/ssr108KURODA, H., OSHIMA, T., KANEDA, H., & TAKASHIO, M. (2005). Identification and Functional Analyses of Two cDNAs That Encode Fatty Acid 9-/13-Hydroperoxide Lyase (CYP74C) in Rice. 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G., & Klee, H. J. (2011). A Solanum lycopersicum catechol-O-methyltransferase involved in synthesis of the flavor molecule guaiacol. The Plant Journal, 69(6), 1043-1051. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04854.xMaloney, G. S., Kochevenko, A., Tieman, D. M., Tohge, T., Krieger, U., Zamir, D., … Klee, H. J. (2010). Characterization of the Branched-Chain Amino Acid Aminotransferase Enzyme Family in Tomato. Plant Physiology, 153(3), 925-936. doi:10.1104/pp.110.154922Marilley, L. (2004). Flavours of cheese products: metabolic pathways, analytical tools and identification of producing strains. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 90(2), 139-159. doi:10.1016/s0168-1605(03)00304-0Marlatt, C., Ho, C. T., & Chien, M. (1992). Studies of aroma constituents bound as glycosides in tomato. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 40(2), 249-252. doi:10.1021/jf00014a016Mathieu, S., Cin, V. D., Fei, Z., Li, H., Bliss, P., Taylor, M. G., … Tieman, D. M. (2008). Flavour compounds in tomato fruits: identification of loci and potential pathways affecting volatile composition. Journal of Experimental Botany, 60(1), 325-337. doi:10.1093/jxb/ern294Matsui, K. (2006). Green leaf volatiles: hydroperoxide lyase pathway of oxylipin metabolism. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 9(3), 274-280. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2006.03.002Matsui, K., Kurishita, S., Hisamitsu, A., & Kajiwara, T. (2000). A lipid-hydrolysing activity involved in hexenal formation. Biochemical Society Transactions, 28(6), 857-860. doi:10.1042/bst0280857Matsui, K., Ujita, C., Fujimoto, S., Wilkinson, J., Hiatt, B., Knauf, V., … Feussner, I. (2000). Fatty acid 9- and 13-hydroperoxide lyases from cucumber1. FEBS Letters, 481(2), 183-188. doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01997-9Mita, G., Quarta, A., Fasano, P., De Paolis, A., Di Sansebastiano, G. P., Perrotta, C., … Santino, A. (2005). Molecular cloning and characterization of an almond 9-hydroperoxide lyase, a new CYP74 targeted to lipid bodies*. Journal of Experimental Botany, 56(419), 2321-2333. doi:10.1093/jxb/eri225Moummou, H., Tonfack, L. B., Chervin, C., Benichou, M., Youmbi, E., Ginies, C., … van der Rest, B. (2012). Functional characterization of SlscADH1, a fruit-ripening-associated short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase of tomato. Journal of Plant Physiology, 169(15), 1435-1444. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2012.06.007Nagegowda, D. A. (2010). Plant volatile terpenoid metabolism: Biosynthetic genes, transcriptional regulation and subcellular compartmentation. FEBS Letters, 584(14), 2965-2973. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2010.05.045Negoias, S., Visschers, R., Boelrijk, A., & Hummel, T. (2008). New ways to understand aroma perception. Food Chemistry, 108(4), 1247-1254. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.08.030Noordermeer, M. A., Veldink, G. A., & Vliegenthart, J. F. . (1999). Alfalfa contains substantial 9-hydroperoxide lyase activity and a 3Z :2E -enal isomerase. FEBS Letters, 443(2), 201-204. doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(98)01706-2Ortiz-Serrano, P., & Gil, J. V. (2007). Quantitation of Free and Glycosidically Bound Volatiles in and Effect of Glycosidase Addition on Three Tomato Varieties (Solanum lycopersicumL.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(22), 9170-9176. doi:10.1021/jf0715673Ortiz-Serrano, P., & Gil, J. V. (2010). Quantitative Comparison of Free and Bound Volatiles of Two Commercial Tomato Cultivars (Solanum lycopersicumL.) during Ripening. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58(2), 1106-1114. doi:10.1021/jf903366rOrzaez, D., Medina, A., Torre, S., Fernández-Moreno, J. P., Rambla, J. L., Fernández-del-Carmen, A., … Granell, A. (2009). A Visual Reporter System for Virus-Induced Gene Silencing in Tomato Fruit Based on Anthocyanin Accumulation. Plant Physiology, 150(3), 1122-1134. doi:10.1104/pp.109.139006Piombino, P., Sinesio, F., Moneta, E., Cammareri, M., Genovese, A., Lisanti, M. T., … Grandillo, S. (2013). Investigating physicochemical, volatile and sensory parameters playing a positive or a negative role on tomato liking. Food Research International, 50(1), 409-419. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2012.10.033Rick, C. M., Uhlig, J. W., & Jones, A. D. (1994). High alpha-tomatine content in ripe fruit of Andean Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme: developmental and genetic aspects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 91(26), 12877-12881. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.26.12877Sánchez, G., Besada, C., Badenes, M. L., Monforte, A. J., & Granell, A. (2012). A Non-Targeted Approach Unravels the Volatile Network in Peach Fruit. PLoS ONE, 7(6), e38992. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038992Simkin, A. J., Schwartz, S. H., Auldridge, M., Taylor, M. G., & Klee, H. J. (2004). The tomato carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 genes contribute to the formation of the flavor volatiles β-ionone, pseudoionone, and geranylacetone. The Plant Journal, 40(6), 882-892. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2004.02263.xSinesio, F., Cammareri, M., Moneta, E., Navez, B., Peparaio, M., Causse, M., & Grandillo, S. (2010). Sensory Quality of Fresh French and Dutch Market Tomatoes: A Preference Mapping Study with Italian Consumers. Journal of Food Science, 75(1), S55-S67. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01424.xSpeirs, J., Lee, E., Holt, K., Yong-Duk, K., Steele Scott, N., Loveys, B., & Schuch, W. (1998). Genetic Manipulation of Alcohol Dehydrogenase Levels in Ripening Tomato Fruit Affects the Balance of Some Flavor Aldehydes and Alcohols. Plant Physiology, 117(3), 1047-1058. doi:10.1104/pp.117.3.1047Tadmor, Y., Fridman, E., Gur, A., Larkov, O., Lastochkin, E., Ravid, U., … Lewinsohn, E. (2002). Identification ofmalodorous, a Wild Species Allele Affecting Tomato Aroma That Was Selected against during Domestication. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(7), 2005-2009. doi:10.1021/jf011237xTandon, K. S., Baldwin, E. A., Scott, J. 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In vivo function of Pgβglu-1 in the release of acetophenones in white spruce

Eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferiana Clemens) (ESBW) is a major forest pest which feeds on young shoots of white spruce (Picea glauca) and can cause landscape level economic and ecological losses. Release of acetophenone metabolites, piceol and pungenol, from their corresponding glycosides, picein and pungenin, can confer natural resistance of spruce to ESBW. A beta-glucosidase gene, Pgβglu-1, was recently discovered and the encoded enzyme was characterized in vitro to function in the release of the defensive acetophenone aglycons. Here we describe overexpression of Pgβglu-1 in a white spruce genotype whose metabolome contains the glucosylated acetophenones, but no detectable amounts of the aglycons. Transgenic overexpression of Pgβglu-1 resulted in release of the acetophenone aglycons in planta. This work provides in vivo evidence for the function of Pgβglu-1.publishedVersio

Evolution of the biosynthesis of two hydroxyacetophenones in plants

Acetophenones are phenolic metabolites of plant species. A metabolic route for the biosynthesis and release of 2 defence-related hydroxyacetophenones in white spruce (Picea glauca) was recently proposed to involve 3 phases: (a) biosynthesis of the acetophenone aglycons catalysed by a currently unknown set of enzymes, (b) formation and accumulation of the corresponding glycosides catalysed by a glucosyltransferase, and (c) release of the aglycons catalysed by a glucosylhydrolase (PgβGLU-1). We tested if this biosynthetic model is conserved across Pinaceae and land plant species. We assayed and surveyed the literature and sequence databases for possible patterns of the presence of the acetophenone aglycons piceol and pungenol and their glucosides, as well as sequences and expression of Pgβglu-1 orthologues. In the Pinaceae, the 3 phases of the biosynthetic model are present and differences in expression of Pgβglu-1 gene orthologues explain some of the interspecific variation in hydroxyacetophenones. The phylogenetic signal in the metabolite phenotypes was low across species of 6 plant divisions. Putative orthologues of PgβGLU-1 do not form a monophyletic group in species producing hydroxyacetophenones. The biosynthetic model for acetophenones appears to be conserved across Pinaceae, whereas convergent evolution has led to the production of acetophenone glucosides across land plants