Localization and broadband follow-up of the gravitational-wave transient GW150914

A gravitational-wave (GW) transient was identified in data recorded by the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) detectors on 2015 September 14. The event, initially designated G184098 and later given the name GW150914, is described in detail elsewhere. By prior arrangement, preliminary estimates of the time, significance, and sky location of the event were shared with 63 teams of observers covering radio, optical, near-infrared, X-ray, and gamma-ray wavelengths with ground- and space-based facilities. In this Letter we describe the low-latency analysis of the GW data and present the sky localization of the first observed compact binary merger. We summarize the follow-up observations reported by 25 teams via private Gamma-ray Coordinates Network circulars, giving an overview of the participating facilities, the GW sky localization coverage, the timeline, and depth of the observations. As this event turned out to be a binary black hole merger, there is little expectation of a detectable electromagnetic (EM) signature. Nevertheless, this first broadband campaign to search for a counterpart of an Advanced LIGO source represents a milestone and highlights the broad capabilities of the transient astronomy community and the observing strategies that have been developed to pursue neutron star binary merger events. Detailed investigations of the EM data and results of the EM follow-up campaign are being disseminated in papers by the individual teams

Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger

On September 14, 2015 at 09:50:45 UTC the two detectors of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory simultaneously observed a transient gravitational-wave signal. The signal sweeps upwards in frequency from 35 to 250 Hz with a peak gravitational-wave strain of 1.0 × 10−21. It matches the waveform predicted by general relativity for the inspiral and merger of a pair of black holes and the ringdown of the resulting single black hole. The signal was observed with a matched-filter signal-to-noise ratio of 24 and a false alarm rate estimated to be less than 1 event per 203 000 years, equivalent to a significance greater than 5.1σ. The source lies at a luminosity distance of 410þ160 −180 Mpc corresponding to a redshift z ¼ 0.09þ0.03 −0.04 . In the source frame, the initial black hole masses are 36þ5 −4M⊙ and 29þ4 −4M⊙, and the final black hole mass is 62þ4 −4M⊙, with 3.0þ0.5 −0.5M⊙c2 radiated in gravitational waves. All uncertainties define 90% credible intervals. These observations demonstrate the existence of binary stellar-mass black hole systems. This is the first direct detection of gravitational waves and the first observation of a binary black hole merger

Prospects for Observing and Localizing Gravitational-Wave Transients with Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo.

We present a possible observing scenario for the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo gravitational-wave detectors over the next decade, with the intention of providing information to the astronomy community to facilitate planning for multi-messenger astronomy with gravitational waves. We determine the expected sensitivity of the network to transient gravitational-wave signals, and study the capability of the network to determine the sky location of the source. We report our findings for gravitational-wave transients, with particular focus on gravitational-wave signals from the inspiral of binary neutron-star systems, which are considered the most promising for multi-messenger astronomy. The ability to localize the sources of the detected signals depends on the geographical distribution of the detectors and their relative sensitivity, and 90% credible regions can be as large as thousands of square degrees when only two sensitive detectors are operational. Determining the sky position of a significant fraction of detected signals to areas of 5 deg2 to 20 deg2 will require at least three detectors of sensitivity within a factor of ∼ 2 of each other and with a broad frequency bandwidth. Should the third LIGO detector be relocated to India as expected, a significant fraction of gravitational-wave signals will be localized to a few square degrees by gravitational-wave observations alone

Search for Gravitational Waves Associated with Gamma-Ray Bursts during the First Advanced LIGO Observing Run and Implications for the Origin of GRB 150906B

We present the results of the search for gravitational waves (GWs) associated with γ-ray bursts detected during the first observing run of the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO). We find no evidence of a GW signal for any of the 41 γ-ray bursts for which LIGO data are available with sufficient duration. For all γ-ray bursts, we place lower bounds on the distance to the source using the optimistic assumption that GWs with an energy of ${10}^{-2}{M}_{\odot }{c}^{2}$ were emitted within the $16$–$500$ Hz band, and we find a median 90% confidence limit of 71 Mpc at 150 Hz. For the subset of 19 short/hard γ-ray bursts, we place lower bounds on distance with a median 90% confidence limit of 90 Mpc for binary neutron star (BNS) coalescences, and 150 and 139 Mpc for neutron star–black hole coalescences with spins aligned to the orbital angular momentum and in a generic configuration, respectively. These are the highest distance limits ever achieved by GW searches. We also discuss in detail the results of the search for GWs associated with GRB 150906B, an event that was localized by the InterPlanetary Network near the local galaxy NGC 3313, which is at a luminosity distance of $54$ Mpc (z = 0.0124). Assuming the γ-ray emission is beamed with a jet half-opening angle $\leqslant 30^\circ$, we exclude a BNS and a neutron star–black hole in NGC 3313 as the progenitor of this event with confidence >99%. Further, we exclude such progenitors up to a distance of 102 Mpc and 170 Mpc, respectively

Binary Black Hole Mergers in the first Advanced LIGO Observing Run

The first observational run of the Advanced LIGO detectors, from September 12, 2015 to January 19, 2016, saw the first detections of gravitational waves from binary black hole mergers. In this paper we present full results from a search for binary black hole merger signals with total masses up to $100 M_\odot$ and detailed implications from our observations of these systems. Our search, based on general-relativistic models of gravitational wave signals from binary black hole systems, unambiguously identified two signals, GW150914 and GW151226, with a significance of greater than $5\sigma$ over the observing period. It also identified a third possible signal, LVT151012, with substantially lower significance, which has a 87% probability of being of astrophysical origin. We provide detailed estimates of the parameters of the observed systems. Both GW150914 and GW151226 provide an unprecedented opportunity to study the two-body motion of a compact-object binary in the large velocity, highly nonlinear regime. We do not observe any deviations from general relativity, and place improved empirical bounds on several high-order post-Newtonian coefficients. From our observations we infer stellar-mass binary black hole merger rates lying in the range $9-240 \mathrm{Gpc}^{-3} \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$. These observations are beginning to inform astrophysical predictions of binary black hole formation rates, and indicate that future observing runs of the Advanced detector network will yield many more gravitational wave detections

Localization and broadband follow-up of the gravitational-wave transient GW150914

A gravitational-wave transient was identified in data recorded by the Advanced LIGO detectors on 2015 September 14. The event candidate, initially designated G184098 and later given the name GW150914, is described in detail elsewhere. By prior arrangement, preliminary estimates of the time, significance, and sky location of the event were shared with 63 teams of observers covering radio, optical, near-infrared, X-ray, and gamma-ray wavelengths with ground- and space-based facilities. In this Letter we describe the low-latency analysis of the gravitational wave data and present the sky localization of the first observed compact binary merger. We summarize the follow-up observations reported by 25 teams via private Gamma-ray Coordinates Network Circulars, giving an overview of the participating facilities, the gravitational wave sky localization coverage, the timeline and depth of the observations. As this event turned out to be a binary black hole merger, there is little expectation of a detectable electromagnetic signature. Nevertheless, this first broadband campaign to search for a counterpart of an Advanced LIGO source represents a milestone and highlights the broad capabilities of the transient astronomy community and the observing strategies that have been developed to pursue neutron star binary merger events. Detailed investigations of the electromagnetic data and results of the electromagnetic follow-up campaign will be disseminated in the papers of the individual teams

The Prevalence of P53 Mutations in Laryngeal Cancer in Kerman

Abstract: Background &Aims: Laryngeal cancer is the second common cancer of respiratory tract, following the lung cancer. Carcinogenesis is a complex multistage process; molecular genetics has provided the evidence that activation of proto-oncogene and loss or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (TSG) are involved in a large number of malignancies. One of the earliest significant tumor suppressor genes identified in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) was P53 have a role in growth suppression activities. Thus, when P53 is deleted or silenced, the cell develops a selective growth advantage and becomes a cancer. Mutations in P53 are correlated with poorer survival and response to treatment. The aim of this study was to survey the prevalence of P53 gene mutation in patients with laryngeal cancer and to select an appropriate method of treatment. Methods: The samples were 52 patients with laryngeal cancer diagnosis have been treated by surgery. Investigation of TP53 mutation where performed by multiple ligation probe amplification (MLPA) technique which analyze the full length of gene from exon 1 to 12. Results: The TP53 mutation was discovered in 80.8 percent of samples. By contrast between two main forms of mutation (i.e. deletions and duplications), we found that the deletions mostly occurred within exons 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 by 59.6 percent and duplications observed in exons 1, 2, 7, 8 and 11 by 21.2 percent. Conclusion: Considering our results and reminding this fact that nowadays the definitive diagnosis of laryngeal cancer is made using biopsy and pathology techniques, we suggest that all biopsy specimens should be tested and those confirmed positive for TP53 mutations need some further decisions by physicians. Keywords: Mutation, P53, Cancer, Multiple ligation probe amplification (MLPA), Laryn

Effect of oral ZnCl2 on glucose, Insulin, lipoproteins and liver enzymes in male Rats

Background and Objective: Zinc is an essential ion for living and inter the body from different sources. Since Zn++ interfere on many cellular process such as biological function such as calcium chanalls, this study was designed to investigate the effect of oral ZnCl2 on glucose, Insulin, lipoproteins and liver enzymes in male Rats. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was performed on 48 of Wistar-Albino male Rats randomly allocated into three exprimental and one control groups. Exprimental groups received 50 mg/l, 100 mg/l and 200 mg/l ZnCl2 in drinking water daily for four weeks but the control group received tap water. After four weeks, animals were anesthetized, sacrificed and blood samples were collected. Glucose, insulin, lipoproteins, aspartat amino transferase (AST) and alanine amino transferase (ALT) were measured. Data were analyzed by SPSS-11, ANOVA and Tukey-tests. Results: The mean±SD of Cholesterol in group D (85.7±3.2), HDL in groups B, C, D (66.1±2.7, 67±2.18, 68.83±2.69 mg/dl) and LDL in groups B, C, D (2.8±0.9, 14.6±6.3, 13.4±2.8 mg/dl) respectively were significantly decreased compared with Cholesterol (125.5±4.9 mg/dl), HDL (80.5±3 mg/dl) and LDL (30.3±3.2 mg/dl) in group A. Mean±SD of glucose, insulin, triglyceride and liver enzymes did not show any differences among the groups. Conclusion: This study showed that ZnCl2 added on drinking water reduce serum lipoproteins in male Rats

Significance of histopathological features of breast carcinoma and its correlation for decision of future therapy

Abstract: Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies among women and considered as the first cause of mortality in females suffering from malignant processes. Axillary lymph node metastasis (ALNM) is the most important predictor of survival in patient with breast carcinoma. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between the incidence of ALNM and morphologic criteria by univariate and multivariate analysis. The authors reviewed data from 180 patients with breast carcinoma, who have been treated by modified radical mastectomy in hospitals of Kerman during 1989 to 1998. Approximately 130 patients (72%) had axillary lymph nodes metastasis, but 30 patients (28%) had no metastasis. Multivariate analysis identified four factors as independent predictors of ALNM, such as lymphatic/vascular invasion, perineural invasion, tumoral necrosis and histologic grade, (P<0.01). There was no independent association between lymphocytic host response or nuclear pleomorphism and incidence of axillary lymph node metastasis. Tumor diameter can increase the possibility of metastasis, independently of all other main factors (P<0.01), except the histologic grade of tumor may influence this possibility. Pathologic features of the primary tumor can be used to estimate the risk of ALNM in patients with breast carcinoma. Such a risk assessment might facilitate appropriate management. Routine axillary dissection can be omitted in patients at minimal risk of ALNM, if the treatment decision is not influenced by lymph node status. Keywords: Breast carcinoma, Morphologic features, Axillary metastasis, Axillary lymph node dissectio

A Survey of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Planting Greenhouse Operators in Yazd in Regard with Health Hazards Associated with Pesticide use in 2012-2013

Introduction: Pesticides used in agriculture in order to protect crops and plants from pests, diseases and weeds are regarded as one of the major sources of environmental pollution, with produce a negative effect on the health of living organisms, including humans.Therefore this study aimed to evaluate knowledge, attitude and practice of planting greenhouse operators in Yazd in regard with health hazards associated with pesticide use in 2012-2013. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study, which its population consisted of active nursery operators in Yazd. In this randomized study, 250 samples were selected out of 2233 greenhouse operators and then knowledge, attitudes and behavior of workers were measured using a questionnaire. After the study data were collected and codified, they ere entered into SPSS software. Moreover T-test and ANOVA tests were utilized to compare the average. Results: The results of the present study revealed that out of all greenhouse operators, 134 (6/53%) had received pesticideuse training were trained. Education of 74 (29%) of the operaters were reported at the initial level. Experience of 104 operaters (9/41%) was revealed 6-10 years. 73 (2/29%) of operaters aged between 25 and 35 years. Moreover, the results showed, none of the officers receive the full credit(Maximum knowledge score is 13). Attitudes of 243 operaters towards the use of pesticides in greenhouses was reported at a high level. Performance of 138 operaters were moderate. Conclusions: Although operaters nformation in such fields as precautions when working with pesticides lies relatively at a good level in some other contexts such as respiratory masks for spraying and special work uniform, lack of sufficient information was reported for indicating the need to develop and implement specialized training programs