A common brain network among state, trait, and pathological anxiety from whole-brain functional connectivity

Anxiety is one of the most common mental states of humans. Although it drives us to avoid frightening situations and to achieve our goals, it may also impose significant suffering and burden if it becomes extreme. Because we experience anxiety in a variety of forms, previous studies investigated neural substrates of anxiety in a variety of ways. These studies revealed that individuals with high state, trait, or pathological anxiety showed altered neural substrates. However, no studies have directly investigated whether the different dimensions of anxiety share a common neural substrate, despite its theoretical and practical importance. Here, we investigated a brain network of anxiety shared by different dimensions of anxiety in a unified analytical framework using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We analyzed different datasets in a single scale, which was defined by an anxiety-related brain network derived from whole brain. We first conducted the anxiety provocation task with healthy participants who tended to feel anxiety related to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in their daily life. We found a common state anxiety brain network across participants (1585 trials obtained from 10 participants). Then, using the resting-state fMRI in combination with the participants' behavioral trait anxiety scale scores (879 participants from the Human Connectome Project), we demonstrated that trait anxiety shared the same brain network as state anxiety. Furthermore, the brain network between common to state and trait anxiety could detect patients with OCD, which is characterized by pathological anxiety-driven behaviors (174 participants from multi-site datasets). Our findings provide direct evidence that different dimensions of anxiety have a substantial biological inter-relationship. Our results also provide a biologically defined dimension of anxiety, which may promote further investigation of various human characteristics, including psychiatric disorders, from the perspective of anxiety

Optical Identification of the Hardest X-ray Source in the ASCA Large Sky Survey

We report the optical identification of the hardest X-ray source (AX J131501+3141) detected in an unbiased wide-area survey in the 0.5--10 keV band, the ASCA Large Sky Survey. The X-ray spectrum of the source is very hard and is well reproduced by a power-law component (Gamma = 1.5^+0.7_-0.6) with N_H = 6^+4_-2 *10^22 cm^-2 (Sakano et al. 1998). We have found a galaxy with R=15.62 mag near the center of the error circle for the X-ray source. The optical spectrum of the galaxy shows only narrow emission lines whose ratios correspond to those of a type 2 Seyfert galaxy at z = 0.072, implying an absorption-corrected X-ray luminosity of 2*10^43 erg sec^-1 (2--10 keV) and M_B = -20.93 mag. A radio point source is also associated with the center of the galaxy. We thus identify the X-ray source with this galaxy as an obscured AGN. The hidden nature of the nucleus of the galaxy in the optical band is consistent with the X-ray spectrum. These results support the idea that the obscured AGNs/QSOs contribute significantly to the cosmic X-ray background in the hard band at the faint flux level.Comment: 20 pages with 5 postscript figures, uses aaspp4.sty, Ap.J. Accepte

Synthetic strategies for preparing BEDT-TTF derivatives functionalised with metal ion binding groups

The syntheses of BEDT-TTF (ET) derivatives with potential metal ion binding pyridyl, bipyridyl and terpyridyl groups are achieved either by stepwise construction of the organosulfur core or via reactions of hydroxymethyl-ET for which a cheap and efficient four step route is reported. The tosylate of hydroxymethyl-ET, reported for the first time, undergoes nucleophilic substitutions with pyridyl, bipyridyl- and terpyridyl-thiolates to give new donors. The X-ray crystal structures of two substituted ET derivatives show considerable deviation of the organosulfur donor system from planarity by bending about the short molecular axis of the ET group

XMM-Newton and INTEGRAL spectroscopy of the microquasar GRO J1655-40 during its 2005 outburst

We report on two simultaneous XMM-Newton and INTEGRAL observations of the microquasar GRO J1655-40 during the 2005 outburst when the source was in its high-soft state. The 0.3-200 keV spectra are complex with an overall continuum which may be modeled using an absorbed blackbody together with a weak, steep, power-law component. In addition, there is evidence for the presence of both a relativistically broadened Fe K line and a highly photo-ionized absorber. The photo-ionized absorber is responsible for strong K absorption lines of Fe XXV and Fe XXVI in the EPIC pn spectra and blue-shifted (v = -540 +/- 120 km/s) Ne X and Fe XXIV features in the RGS spectra. The parameters of the photo-ionized absorber were different during the two observations with the ionization parameter, logxi, decreasing from 3.60 +/- 0.04 to 3.30 +/- 0.04 erg cm/s and the column density decreasing from (5.2 +/- 1.0) x 10^22 atom cm-2 to (1.5 +/- 1.0) x 10^22 atom cm-2 during the first and second observations as the 0.5-200 keV GRO J1655-40 luminosity decreased by around a half. At 90% confidence the INTEGRAL data show no evidence of a break in the power-law component up to energies of 380 keV and 90 keV for the first and second observations, respectively.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A (submitted: 11 April 2006). 12 pages, 7 figure

A ‘spoon full of sugar’ helps the medicine go down: how a participant friendly version of a psychophysics task significantly improves task engagement, performance and data quality in a typical adult sample

Few would argue that the unique insights brought by studying the typical and atypical development of psychological processes are essential to building a comprehensive understanding of the brain. Often, however, the associated challenges of working with non-standard adult populations results in the more complex psychophysical paradigms being rejected as too complex. Recently we created a child (and clinical group) friendly implementation of one such technique – the reverse correlation Bubbles approach and noted an associated performance boost in adult participants. Here, we compare the administration of three different versions of this participant-friendly task in the same adult participants to empirically confirm that introducing elements in the experiment with the sole purpose of improving the participant experience, not only boost the participant’s engagement and motivation for the task but results in significantly improved objective task performance and stronger statistical results

Seeds morpho-colourimetric analysis as complementary method to molecular characterization of melon diversity

[EN] Melon has undergone an intense process of selection and crossbreeding, resulting in many landraces distributed all over Europe, Africa and Asia. Due to this huge variability, the systematic position of this taxon has been reviewed many times in the last two decades. The goal of this article is to compare the phenotypic characterization achieved by seed features with the molecular analysis on melon genotypes. A set of 124 accessions of Cucurnis melo has been selected for molecular and morpho-colourimetric analyses plus an additional selection of accessions of Cucumis sativus, Citrullus lanatus and Citrullus colocynthis used to highlight seed morphology distances among genus and species. Genotyping was performed on the basis of 211 polymorphic SNPs and was executed using the iPLEX (R) Gold MassARRAY Sequenom technology. A total of 137 parameters were specifically designed to evaluate seed colour, size, shape and texture. Both molecular and seed morpho-colourimetrical analyses confirm the existence of two melon subspecies while an intermediate group has also been found. A non random allelic distribution in SNPs located in specific genomic regions suggests that some of these regions may account for a part of the observed variation in seed size. Six major groups of varieties can be discriminated on the basis on seed traits. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.The Italian University and Research Ministry (MIUR) financed the Ph.D. scholarship (Diego Sabato, Univeristy of Cagliari), making this research possible. Molecular analysis was carried out with contributions of the PLANT KKBE project PIM2010PKB-00691 and the complementary grant from the Generalitat Valenciana ACOMP/2013/141.Sabato, D.; Esteras Gómez, C.; Grillo, O.; Picó Sirvent, MB.; Bacchetta, G. (2015). Seeds morpho-colourimetric analysis as complementary method to molecular characterization of melon diversity. Scientia Horticulturae. 192:441-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.06.006S44145219

High-energy observations of the state transition of the X-ray nova and black hole candidate XTE J1720-318

We report the results of extensive high-energy observations of the X-ray transient and black hole candidate XTE J1720-318 performed with INTEGRAL, XMM-Newton and RXTE. The source, which underwent an X-ray outburst in 2003 January, was observed in February in a spectral state dominated by a soft component with a weak high-energy tail. The XMM-Newton data provided a high column density Nh of 1.2*e22 cm^{-2} which suggests that the source lies at the Galactic Centre distance. The simultaneous RXTE and INTEGRAL Target of Opportunity observations allowed us to measure the weak and steep tail, typical of a black-hole binary in the so-called High/Soft State. We then followed the evolution of the source outburst over several months using the INTEGRAL Galactic Centre survey observations. The source became active again at the end of March: it showed a clear transition towards a much harder state, and then decayed to a quiescent state after April. In the hard state, the source was detected up to 200 keV with a power law index of 1.9 and a peak luminosity of 7*e36 erg s^{-1} in the 20-200 keV band, for an assumed distance of 8 kpc. We conclude that XTE J1720-318 is indeed a new member of the black hole X-ray novae class which populate our galactic bulge and we discuss its properties in the frame of the spectral models used for transient black hole binaries.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables, Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysic

Murine hematopoietic stem cell activity is derived from pre-circulation embryos but not yolk sacs.

The embryonic site of definitive hematopoietic stem cell (dHSC) origination has been debated for decades. Although an intra-embryonic origin is well supported, the yolk sac (YS) contribution to adult hematopoiesis remains controversial. The same developmental origin makes it difficult to identify specific markers that discern between an intraembryonic versus YS-origin using a lineage trace approach. Additionally, the highly migratory nature of blood cells and the inability of pre-circulatory embryonic cells (i.e., 5-7 somite pairs (sp)) to robustly engraft in transplantation, even after culture, has precluded scientists from properly answering these questions. Here we report robust, multi-lineage and serially transplantable dHSC activity from cultured 2-7sp murine embryonic explants (Em-Ex). dHSC are undetectable in 2-7sp YS explants. Additionally, the engraftment from Em-Ex is confined to an emerging CD31+CD45+c-Kit+CD41- population. In sum, our work supports a model in which the embryo, not the YS, is the major source of lifelong definitive hematopoiesis

Volatile Compounds in Citrus Essential Oils: A Comprehensive Review

[EN] The essential oil fraction obtained from the rind of Citrus spp. is rich in chemical compounds of interest for the food and perfume industries, and therefore has been extensively studied during the last decades. In this manuscript, we provide a comprehensive review of the volatile composition of this oil fraction and rind extracts for the 10 most studied Citrus species: C. sinensis (sweet orange), C. reticulata (mandarin), C. paradisi (grapefruit), C. grandis (pummelo), C. limon (lemon), C. medica (citron), C. aurantifolia (lime), C. aurantium (bitter orange), C. bergamia (bergamot orange), and C. junos (yuzu). Forty-nine volatile organic compounds have been reported in all 10 species, most of them terpenoid (90%), although about half of the volatile compounds identified in Citrus peel are non-terpenoid. Over 400 volatiles of different chemical nature have been exclusively described in only one of these species and some of them could be useful as species biomarkers. A hierarchical cluster analysis based on volatile composition arranges these Citrus species in three clusters which essentially mirrors those obtained with genetic information. The first cluster is comprised by C. reticulata, C. grandis, C. sinensis, C. paradisi and C. aurantium, and is mainly characterized by the presence of a larger abundance of non-terpenoid ester and aldehyde compounds than in the other species reviewed. The second cluster is comprised by C. junos, C. medica, C. aurantifolia, and C. bergamia, and is characterized by the prevalence of mono- and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. Finally, C. limon shows a particular volatile profile with some sulfur monoterpenoids and non-terpenoid esters and aldehydes as part of its main differential peculiarities. A systematic description of the rind volatile composition in each of the species is provided together with a general comparison with those in leaves and blossoms. Additionally, the most widely used techniques for the extraction and analysis of volatile Citrus compounds are also described.This work was supported in part by the European Commission Horizon 2020 program TRADITOM grant 634561 and TomGEM grant 679796 to JR and AG.González-Mas, M.; Rambla Nebot, JL.; López-Gresa, MP.; Blazquez, M.; Granell Richart, A. (2019). Volatile Compounds in Citrus Essential Oils: A Comprehensive Review. Frontiers in Plant Science. 10:1-18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00012S11810Abreu, I., Da Costa, N. C., van Es, A., Kim, J.-A., Parasar, U., & Poulsen, M. L. (2017). Natural Occurrence of Aldol Condensation Products in Valencia Orange Oil. Journal of Food Science, 82(12), 2805-2815. doi:10.1111/1750-3841.13948Ahmed, M., Arpaia, M. L., & Scora, R. W. (2001). Seasonal Variation in Lemon (Citrus limonL. Burm. f) Leaf and Rind Oil Composition. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 13(3), 149-153. doi:10.1080/10412905.2001.9699646AKAKABE, Y., KUSUNOKI, A., TANAKA, R., & KANETSUNE, Y. (2010). A Comparison of Volatile Components of Setomi with Its Parent Cultivars. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 74(3), 659-662. doi:10.1271/bbb.90722AKAKABE, Y., SAKAMOTO, M., IKEDA, Y., & TANAKA, M. (2008). Identification and Characterization of Volatile Components of the Japanese Sour Citrus FruitCitrus nagato-yuzukichiTanaka. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 72(7), 1965-1968. doi:10.1271/bbb.80144Aliberti, L., Caputo, L., De Feo, V., De Martino, L., Nazzaro, F., & Souza, L. (2016). Chemical Composition and in Vitro Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, and Central Nervous System Activities of the Essential Oils of Citrus medica L. cv. ‘Liscia’ and C. medica cv. ‘Rugosa’ Cultivated in Southern Italy. Molecules, 21(9), 1244. doi:10.3390/molecules21091244Alissandrakis, E. (2003). Ultrasound-assisted extraction of volatile compounds from citrus flowers and citrus honey. Food Chemistry, 82(4), 575-582. doi:10.1016/s0308-8146(03)00013-xAlonzo, G., Del Bosco, S. F., Palazzolo, E., Saiano, F., & Tusa, N. (2000). Citrus cybrid leaf essential oil. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 15(2), 91-95. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1026(200003/04)15:23.0.co;2-xAsikin, Y., Maeda, G., Tamaki, H., Mizu, M., Oku, H., & Wada, K. (2015). Cultivation line and fruit ripening discriminations of Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa Hayata) peel oils using aroma compositional, electronic nose, and antioxidant analyses. Food Research International, 67, 102-110. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2014.11.015Asikin, Y., Taira, I., Inafuku-Teramoto, S., Sumi, H., Ohta, H., Takara, K., & Wada, K. (2012). The Composition of Volatile Aroma Components, Flavanones, and Polymethoxylated Flavones in Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa Hayata) Peels of Different Cultivation Lines. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60(32), 7973-7980. doi:10.1021/jf301848sAsikin, Y., Taira, I., Inafuku, S., Sumi, H., Sawamura, M., Takara, K., & Wada, K. (2012). Volatile Aroma Components and Antioxidant Activities of the Flavedo Peel Extract of Unripe Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa Hayata). Journal of Food Science, 77(4), C469-C475. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02604.xBelsito, E. L., Carbone, C., Di Gioia, M. L., Leggio, A., Liguori, A., Perri, F., … Viscomi, M. C. (2007). Comparison of the Volatile Constituents in Cold-Pressed Bergamot Oil and a Volatile Oil Isolated by Vacuum Distillation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(19), 7847-7851. doi:10.1021/jf070997qBen Hsouna, A., Ben Halima, N., Smaoui, S., & Hamdi, N. (2017). Citrus lemon essential oil: chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities with its preservative effect against Listeria monocytogenes inoculated in minced beef meat. Lipids in Health and Disease, 16(1). doi:10.1186/s12944-017-0487-5Benelli, P., Riehl, C. A. S., Smânia, A., Smânia, E. F. A., & Ferreira, S. R. S. (2010). Bioactive extracts of orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) pomace obtained by SFE and low pressure techniques: Mathematical modeling and extract composition. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 55(1), 132-141. doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2010.08.015Benjamin, G., Tietel, Z., & Porat, R. (2013). Effects of Rootstock/Scion Combinations on the Flavor of Citrus Fruit. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61(47), 11286-11294. doi:10.1021/jf402892pBlanco Tirado, C., Stashenko, E. E., Combariza, M. Y., & Martinez, J. R. (1995). Comparative study of Colombian citrus oils by high-resolution gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 697(1-2), 501-513. doi:10.1016/0021-9673(94)00955-9Blázquez, M. A., & Carbó, E. (2015). Control of Portulaca oleracea by boldo and lemon essential oils in different soils. Industrial Crops and Products, 76, 515-521. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.07.019Bonaccorsi, I. L., McNair, H. M., Brunner, L. A., Dugo, P., & Dugo, G. (1999). Fast HPLC for the Analysis of Oxygen Heterocyclic Compounds of Citrus Essential Oils†. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 47(10), 4237-4239. doi:10.1021/jf990417sBoussaada, O., & Chemli, R. (2006). Chemical Composition of Essential Oils from Flowers, Leaves and Peel of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara from Tunisia. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 9(2), 133-139. doi:10.1080/0972060x.2006.10643484Boussaada, O., Skoula, M., Kokkalou, E., & Chemli, R. (2007). Chemical Variability of Flowers, Leaves, and Peels Oils of Four Sour Orange Provenances. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 10(6), 453-464. doi:10.1080/0972060x.2007.10643579Brophy, J. J., Goldsack, R. J., & Forster, P. I. (2001). The Leaf Oils of the Australian Species ofCitrus(Rutaceae). Journal of Essential Oil Research, 13(4), 264-268. doi:10.1080/10412905.2001.9699690Buettner, A., Mestres, M., Fischer, A., Guasch, J., & Schieberle, P. (2003). Evaluation of the most odour-active compounds in the peel oil of clementines (citrus reticulata blanco cv. clementine). European Food Research and Technology, 216(1), 11-14. doi:10.1007/s00217-002-0586-yCannon, R. J., Kazimierski, A., Curto, N. L., Li, J., Trinnaman, L., Jańczuk, A. J., … Chen, M. Z. (2015). Identification, Synthesis, and Characterization of Novel Sulfur-Containing Volatile Compounds from the In-Depth Analysis of Lisbon Lemon Peels (Citrus limonL. Burm. f. cv. Lisbon). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 63(7), 1915-1931. doi:10.1021/jf505177rCarbonell-Caballero, J., Alonso, R., Ibañez, V., Terol, J., Talon, M., & Dopazo, J. (2015). A Phylogenetic Analysis of 34 Chloroplast Genomes Elucidates the Relationships between Wild and Domestic Species within the GenusCitrus. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 32(8), 2015-2035. doi:10.1093/molbev/msv082Casilli, A., Decorzant, E., Jaquier, A., & Delort, E. (2014). Multidimensional gas chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry and olfactometry for the volatile analysis of citrus hybrid peel extract. Journal of Chromatography A, 1373, 169-178. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.023Chen, Y., Wu, J., Xu, Y., Fu, M., & Xiao, G. (2014). Effect of Second Cooling on the Chemical Components of Essential Oils from Orange Peel (Citrus sinensis). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62(35), 8786-8790. doi:10.1021/jf501079rCheong, M. W., Chong, Z. S., Liu, S. Q., Zhou, W., Curran, P., & Bin Yu. (2012). Characterisation of calamansi (Citrus microcarpa). Part I: Volatiles, aromatic profiles and phenolic acids in the peel. Food Chemistry, 134(2), 686-695. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.162Cheong, M.-W., Liu, S.-Q., Yeo, J., Chionh, H.-K., Pramudya, K., Curran, P., & Yu, B. (2011). Identification of Aroma-Active Compounds in Malaysian Pomelo (Citrus grandis(L.) Osbeck) Peel by Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 23(6), 34-42. doi:10.1080/10412905.2011.9712279Cheong, M.-W., Loke, X.-Q., Liu, S.-Q., Pramudya, K., Curran, P., & Yu, B. (2011). Characterization of Volatile Compounds and Aroma Profiles of Malaysian Pomelo (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) Blossom and Peel. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 23(2), 34-44. doi:10.1080/10412905.2011.9700445Chisholm, M. G., Jell, J. A., & Cass, D. M. (2003). Characterization of the major odorants found in the peel oil ofCitrus reticulata Blanco cv. Clementine using gas chromatography-olfactometry. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 18(4), 275-281. doi:10.1002/ffj.1188Chisholm, M. G., Wilson, M. A., & Gaskey, G. M. (2003). Characterization of aroma volatiles in key lime essential oils (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle). Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 18(2), 106-115. doi:10.1002/ffj.1172Choi, H.-S. (2003). Characterization ofCitrus unshiu(C. unshiuMarcov. formaMiyagawa-wase) Blossom Aroma by Solid-Phase Microextraction in Conjunction with an Electronic Nose. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51(2), 418-423. doi:10.1021/jf0114280Choi, H.-S. (2003). Character Impact Odorants ofCitrusHallabong [(C. unshiuMarcov ×C. sinensisOsbeck) ×C. reticulataBlanco] Cold-Pressed Peel Oil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51(9), 2687-2692. doi:10.1021/jf021069oChoi, H.-S. (2005). Characteristic Odor Components of Kumquat (Fortunella japonicaSwingle) Peel Oil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(5), 1642-1647. doi:10.1021/jf040324xChoi, H.-S. (2006). Lipolytic Effects of Citrus Peel Oils and Their Components. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(9), 3254-3258. doi:10.1021/jf052409jChoi, H.-S., Kondo, Y., & Sawamura, M. (2001). Characterization of the Odor-Active Volatiles in Citrus Hyuganatsu (Citrus tamuranaHort. ex Tanaka). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(5), 2404-2408. doi:10.1021/jf001467wChoi, H. S., Sawamura, M., & Kondo, Y. (2002). Characterization of the Key Aroma Compounds of Citrus flaviculpus Hort. ex Tanaka by Aroma Extraction Dilution Analysis. Journal of Food Science, 67(5), 1713-1718. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb08711.xChung, H., Chung, W.-Y., Yoo, E.-S., Cho, S. K., Oh, S.-K., & Kim, Y.-S. (2012). Characterization of volatile aroma-active compounds in Dangyooja (Citrus grandis Osbeck). Journal of the Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistry, 55(1), 133-136. doi:10.1007/s13765-012-0023-2Chung, M. S. (2012). Volatile compounds of the Hallabong (Citrus kiyomi × Citrus ponkan) blossom. Food Science and Biotechnology, 21(1), 285-290. doi:10.1007/s10068-012-0038-9Cosimi, S., Rossi, E., Cioni, P. L., & Canale, A. (2009). Bioactivity and qualitative analysis of some essential oils from Mediterranean plants against stored-product pests: Evaluation of repellency against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) and Tenebrio molitor (L.). Journal of Stored Products Research, 45(2), 125-132. doi:10.1016/j.jspr.2008.10.002Costa, R., Bisignano, C., Filocamo, A., Grasso, E., Occhiuto, F., & Spadaro, F. (2014). Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition ofCitrus aurantifolia(Christm.) Swingle essential oil from Italian organic crops. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 26(6), 400-408. doi:10.1080/10412905.2014.964428Costa, R., Dugo, P., Navarra, M., Raymo, V., Dugo, G., & Mondello, L. (2010). Study on the chemical composition variability of some processed bergamot (Citrus bergamia) essential oils. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 25(1), 4-12. doi:10.1002/ffj.1949Craske, J. D., Suryadi, N., & Wootton, M. (2005). A comparison of the peel oil components of Australian native lime (Microcitrus australe) and Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 85(3), 522-525. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2038Behzad, B. D. (2011). Comparison of volatile components of flower, leaf, peel and juice of Page mandarin [(Citrus reticulata var Dancy Citrus paradisi var Duncan) Citrus clementina]. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(51), 10437-10446. doi:10.5897/ajb11.1069Delort, E., & Jaquier, A. (2009). Novel terpenyl esters from Australian finger lime (Citrus australasica) peel extract. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 24(3), 123-132. doi:10.1002/ffj.1922Delort, E., Jaquier, A., Decorzant, E., Chapuis, C., Casilli, A., & Frérot, E. (2015). Comparative analysis of three Australian finger lime (Citrus australasica) cultivars: Identification of unique citrus chemotypes and new volatile molecules. Phytochemistry, 109, 111-124. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.10.023Dharmawan, J., Kasapis, S., Sriramula, P., Lear, M. J., & Curran, P. (2009). Evaluation of Aroma-Active Compounds in Pontianak Orange Peel Oil (Citrus nobilis Lour. Var.microcarpaHassk.) by Gas Chromatography−Olfactometry, Aroma Reconstitution, and Omission Test. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57(1), 239-244. doi:10.1021/jf801070rDong, Z. B., Shao, W. Y., & Liang, Y. R. (2014). Isolation and Characterization of Essential Oil Extracted from Tangerine Peel. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 26(16), 4975-4978. doi:10.14233/ajchem.2014.16277Družić, J., Jerković, I., Marijanović, Z., & Roje, M. (2016). Chemical biodiversity of the leaf and flower essential oils of Citrus aurantium L. from Dubrovnik area (Croatia) in comparison with Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck cv. Washington navel, Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck cv. Tarocco and Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck cv. Doppio Sanguigno. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 28(4), 283-291. doi:10.1080/10412905.2016.1159258Dugo, G., Bonaccorsi, I., Sciarrone, D., Costa, R., Dugo, P., Mondello, L., … Fakhry, H. A. (2011). Characterization of Oils from the Fruits, Leaves and Flowers of the Bitter Orange Tree. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 23(2), 45-59. doi:10.1080/10412905.2011.9700446Dugo, P., Mondello, L., Cogliandro, E., Verzera, A., & Dugo, G. (1996). On the Genuineness of Citrus Essential Oils. 51. Oxygen Heterocyclic Compounds of Bitter Orange Oil (Citrus aurantiumL.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 44(2), 544-549. doi:10.1021/jf950183mDugo, P., Mondello, L., Favoino, O., Cicero, L., Zenteno, N. A. R., & Dugo, G. (2004). Characterization of cold-pressed Mexican dancy tangerine oils. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 20(1), 60-66. doi:10.1002/ffj.1367Elmaci, Y., & Onoğur, T. (2012). Mandarin peel aroma: Estimation by using headspace/GC/MS and descriptive analysis techniques. Acta Alimentaria, 41(1), 131-139. doi:10.1556/aalim.41.2012.1.15Fancello, F., Petretto, G. L., Zara, S., Sanna, M. L., Addis, R., Maldini, M., … Pintore, G. (2016). Chemical characterization, antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity against food related microorganisms of Citrus limon var. pompia leaf essential oil. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 69, 579-585. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2016.02.018Fanciullino, A.-L., Gancel, A.-L., Froelicher, Y., Luro, F., Ollitrault, P., & Brillouet, J.-M. (2005). Effects of Nucleo-cytoplasmic Interactions on Leaf Volatile Compounds from Citrus Somatic Diploid Hybrids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(11), 4517-4523. doi:10.1021/jf0502855Fanciullino, A.-L., Tomi, F., Luro, F., Desjobert, J. M., & Casanova, J. (2006). Chemical variability of peel and leaf oils of mandarins. 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EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA); Scientific Opinion related to the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA)

<p>Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) of the n-3 LCPUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA). Available data are insufficient to establish a UL for n-3 LCPUFA (individually or combined) for any population group. At observed intake levels, consumption of n-3 LCPUFA has not been associated with adverse effects in healthy children or adults. Long-term supplemental intakes of EPA and DHA combined up to about 5 g/day do not appear to increase the risk of spontaneous bleeding episodes or bleeding complications, or affect glucose homeostasis immune function or lipid peroxidation, provided the oxidative stability of the n-3 LCPUFAs is guaranteed. Supplemental intakes of EPA and DHA combined at doses of 2 6 g/day, and of DHA at doses of 2 4 g/day, induce an increase in LDL-cholesterol concentrations of about 3 % which may not have an adverse effect on cardiovascular disease risk, whereas EPA at doses up to 4 g/day has no significant effect on LDL cholesterol. Supplemental intakes of EPA and DHA combined at doses up to 5 g/day, and supplemental intakes of EPA alone up to 1.8 g/day, do not raise safety concerns for adults. Dietary recommendations for EPA and DHA based on cardiovascular risk considerations for European adults are between 250 and 500 mg/day. Supplemental intakes of DHA alone up to about 1 g/day do not raise safety concerns for the general population. No data are available for DPA when consumed alone. In the majority of the human studies considered, fish oils, also containing DPA in generally unknown (but relatively low) amounts, were the source of EPA and DHA.</p&gt