Category Theory and Model-Driven Engineering: From Formal Semantics to Design Patterns and Beyond

There is a hidden intrigue in the title. CT is one of the most abstract mathematical disciplines, sometimes nicknamed "abstract nonsense". MDE is a recent trend in software development, industrially supported by standards, tools, and the status of a new "silver bullet". Surprisingly, categorical patterns turn out to be directly applicable to mathematical modeling of structures appearing in everyday MDE practice. Model merging, transformation, synchronization, and other important model management scenarios can be seen as executions of categorical specifications. Moreover, the paper aims to elucidate a claim that relationships between CT and MDE are more complex and richer than is normally assumed for "applied mathematics". CT provides a toolbox of design patterns and structural principles of real practical value for MDE. We will present examples of how an elementary categorical arrangement of a model management scenario reveals deficiencies in the architecture of modern tools automating the scenario.Comment: In Proceedings ACCAT 2012, arXiv:1208.430

Understanding Linkages among Food Availability, Access, Consumption, and Nutrition in Africa: Empirical Findings and Issues from the Literature

This paper starts with the unsurprising observations that (1) having enough food available at national and local levels is necessary but not sufficient for ensuring that households have adequate access to food; (2) having adequate household access to food is necessary but not sufficient for ensuring that all household members consume an adequate diet; and (3) consuming an adequate diet is necessary but not sufficient for maintaining a healthy nutritional status. Recognizing that the links from food availability to access to consumption to nutritional status are not automatic, the challenge for policy makers and analysts concerned with achieving food and nutrition security is to understand how these variables are linked to one another, how closely they are related in various contexts, and what the important intervening variables are which affect the linkages among these variables. Unfortunately, however, our ability to understand the nature and extent of the relationships among these variables in detail has been hampered by a lack of information as well as by concerns over the appropriateness of the analytical approaches and indicators that have been used in empirical studies of these issues.food security, food policy, Food Security and Poverty, Downloads July 2008-July 2009: 14, Q18,

Reproductive Management of Dairy Cows with Particular Reference to Organic Systems

Reproductive efficiency is a major factor affecting production and economic efficiency indairy herds. In seasonally calving herds the requirement of good reproductive performance is of greater importance than in other production systems in order to maximally exploit the use of grazed grass in the diet of the cow. Reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows worldwide has declined over the past 30 years in association with selection for milk yield. There is increasing and consistent evidence to suggest that at least some part of the decline in cow reproductive performance is related to underlying changes in reproductive physiology caused by high milk production and or negative energy balance (NEB) in early lactation. Organic systems of milk production demand high tight seasonal calving patterns, maximal production from grazed grass, low involuntary culling rates and the continuous genetic improvement of the herd for commercially important traits. Organic milk production systems should also allow for replacement rates of 25% - 30% to ensure a young herd age structure and low somatic cell counts (SCC). The objective of this paper is to review the role of management factors in herd reproductive performance with particular reference to organic herds

Evaluation of the Progeny of Beef Sires Differing in Genetic Merit

End of project reportThe Irish Cattle Breeding Federation (ICBF) publishes breeding values (BVs) for beef bulls. Historically, BVs were expressed in index form relative to the base population. Sometime ago this changed to expression in units of measurement of trait. This change occurred in the course of this project and was accompanied by some re-ranking of bulls. BVs are published for growth, carcass grades and calving traits. Growth BV is expressed as carcass weight but there is no indication if this results from higher live weight gain or from a higher kill-out proportion and there is no indication of any consequences for feed intake or efficiency. • The objectives of the project were (i) to compare progeny of bulls of high and low growth genetic index, for growth, feed intake, slaughter traits and carcass traits, (ii) to partition the extra live weight of progeny of high growth index bulls into carcass and non-carcass parts, and (iii) to partition any extra carcass weight of progeny from high growth index bulls into its component fat, muscle and bone fractionsEuropean Unio

Performance and carcass traits of progeny of Limousin sires differing in genetic merit

peer-reviewedGenetic indices for growth and carcass classification are published for beef sires used in Ireland for artificial insemination (AI). The objective of this study was to compare growth and carcass traits of progeny of Limousin sires of low and high genetic index for growth. A total of 70 progeny (42 males and 28 females) out of predominantly Holstein-Friesian cows by 7 AI Limousin sires were reared together to slaughter. The 7 sires were classified as low (n=3) or high (n=4) index based on their published genetic index for growth. The male progeny were reared entire and all animals were slaughtered at about 20 months of age. Carcasses were classified for conformation and fatness, and a rib joint (ribs 6 to 10) was separated into fat, muscle and bone. Growth rate did not differ significantly between the index groups but tended to be higher for the high index progeny. This higher growth rate, combined with a significantly higher kill out proportion, resulted in carcass weight andcarcass weight per day of age being significantly higher for the high index progeny. Carcass conformation and fat class were not affected by genetic index, nor was the composition of the rib joint. Compared with males, females had a significantly lower growth rate and kill out proportion and, consequently, had a significantly lower carcass weight. The proportions of fat and bone in the rib joint were significantly higher, and the proportion of muscle was significantly lower for females than for males. It is concluded that carcass weight reflected sire group genetic index for growth but feed intake, carcass classification and rib joint composition were not affected

Targeting Assistance to the Poor and Food Insecure: A Review of the Literature

Targeting involves the identification and selection of certain groups or households or even individuals, and the distribution of benefits (or costs) to them. Targeting is required because governments face resource constraints, and because households have different needs: some are poorer and more food insecure than others. In general, the managerial costs of targeting increase with its narrowness or intended accuracy, and these costs may exceed the savings achieved by targeting. The benefits of targeting arise precisely because it reduces the size of the target population, and the cost of narrower targeting includes the unintentional exclusion of some of the target population. The literature highlights several factors common to successful public works programs, such as the need for flexibility in design and the need to pay attention to the local cultural, geographic, and economic environment in which the projects are to be implemented.food security, food policy, Food Security and Poverty, Downloads June 2008-July 2009: 21, Q18,

Following Likud’s victory in Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu faces a challenge to secure a stable coalition

Israel held legislative elections on 17 March, with the result producing a victory for incumbent Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s Likud party. Abraham Diskin writes on the coalition formation process which will follow the elections. He notes that the most likely outcome is for Netanyahu to attempt to form a coalition of the right which includes the new centrist party Kulanu

The Tragic and Comic Poet of the Symposium

Focus on the final scene in Plato\u27s Symposium leads to consideration of the relationship between tragedy and comedy in Plato\u27s composition of dialogues and thought. The tragic poet and comic poet are the same person; Plato combines tragedy and comedy in his portrait of Socrates

Study of Low Energy Electron-Impact Induced Ionization and Fragmentation of Uracil

The aim of this experiment is to study low energy electron impact induced ionization and fragmentation of uracil. The apparatus consists of a pumped vacuum system with an expansion chamber, a collision chamber and a flight tube. A beam of uracil is generated in the expansion chamber, passes through a skimmer and crossed with a pulsed beam of low energy electrons in the collision chamber. The electron gun has a pulse width of 1 μs providing the necessary time of flight resolution and incorporates a deflection system for the steering of the beam. Positive ion fragments are mass resolved and detected using a reflectron time of flight mass spectrometer with a microchannel plate detecter. A multichannel scaler card is used for data acquisition. Code written in LabVIEW is used to control the electron impact energy and the acquisition of mass spectra as a function of electron impact energy. Ion yield curves for positive fragments are obtained from the mass spectra. Ion yield curves and appearance energies have been obtained from our data set and are in good agreement with results from previous research and other research groups. Partial ionization cross sections have been obtained by normalization of the sum of the ion yield curves to the average of calculated total ionization cross sections at 70 eV. These results provide new information about the fragmentation pathways initiated by electron impact and the cross sections for production of these ions. This research is relevant in the study of low energy secondary electron interactions within biological organisms. The aim of this research is to better understand the fundamental reaction mechanisms leading to DNA strand breaks. The experiment also includes the development and testing of a supersonic source using a 50 micron straight nozzle with argon gas acting as the buffer gas. The supersonic source will improve beam collimation and will enable formation of small nucleobase-water clusters when water vapour is introduced into the source