Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016

The orthodontist's profile in Minas Gerais

OBJECTIVE: Due of the growing number of orthodontists and courses in Orthodontics, interest has grown in having a profile of these practitioners in Minas Gerais state (Brazil), showing how do they work in order to promote excellence in orthodontics, showing the most used techniques, the changes in the target public, and other views that impact on the future of the specialty and professional groups. METHODS: Questionnaires were sent to all orthodontists registered with the Regional Council of Dentistry of Minas Gerais (Conselho Regional de Odontologia de Minas Gerais, CRO-MG) until March 30, 2005, consisting of 722 professionals. Questionnaires were sent back by 241 (33%) professionals. CONCLUSIONS: This study clarified some relevant aspects about the profile of orthodontists in Minas Gerais regarding their individuality, training and the techniques used. The patient base was composed mainly of teenagers (33.75%) and young adults (27.45%), with referral predominantly by the patients themselves (46.79%). Among the most important facts, we can mention the lack of use of some individual protection equipment, with only 37.76% using all the features of biological safety. Final exams have been requested less frequently than initial records, and findings from the literature review is even more frightening, considering the importance of these records. Looking at the future of the profession, optimistic orthodontists did not exceed half (45%) of participants

Avaliação radiográfica dos efeitos do aparelho Jones Jig nas distalizações intra-bucais: um estudo piloto Radiographic evaluation of the effects of Jones Jig appliance in intrabuccal distalizations: a pilot study

Na Classe II dentária, aparelhos extra ou intra-bucais são utilizados na distalização dos molares superiores, sendo que o dispositivo extra-bucal, apesar de ser eficiente, apresenta uma série de inconvenientes, destacando-se entre eles, a necessidade de cooperação do paciente. Em virtude da total dependência da colaboração e aceitação do paciente, aparelhos alternativos intra-bucais foram sendo criados, promovendo assim, um maior controle do tratamento por parte do profissional. Dentre esses aparelhos, destaca-se o Jones Jig. Foram selecionados para a pesquisa seis pacientes, com idades compreendidas entre 12 a 18 anos, que apresentavam um padrão esquelético de Classe I ou Classe II suave, vertical normal e má oclusão de Classe II dentária. Esses pacientes utilizaram o Jones Jig numa primeira fase do tratamento ortodôntico. Radiografias laterais cefalométricas foram obtidas antes e após o tratamento com o Jones Jig e a partir delas, traçados cefalométricos foram feitos para obter medidas de tecidos moles, esqueléticas e dentárias. Os resultados encontrados foram determinados, comparando-se as medidas do pré e do pós-tratamento. A fim de avaliar a significância estatística desses resultados, utilizou-se o teste de Wilcoxon. A ocorrência de uma inclinação distal dos primeiros e segundos molares superiores foi a única alteração estatisticamente significante encontrada.<br>In dental Class II relationship, extra or intrabuccal appliances are used during the upper molars distalization. The extrabuccal appliance, although to be efficient, present many inconveniences, such as the patient compliance. For these reasons, alternative intrabuccal appliances were created in order to get more control during the treatment of no compliances patients. One of these appliances is the Jones Jig. Six patients, as standard as possible, were selected for this research, with the age ranged from 12 to 18 years old. These patients shown a skeletal Class I or moderate Class II, normal vertical growth and dental Class II malocclusion. All of the patients used the Jones Jig appliance as the first phase of orthodontic treatment. Cephalometric analyses were taken before and immediatelly after this phase, showing soft tissues, dental and skeletal changes. The Wilcoxon test was used as statistical analyse. A distal tip of the first and second upper mollars were the only significant change found

Correlação entre os estágios de mineralização dentária na arcada inferior e a idade esquelética: revisão da literatura Correlationship between the stages of tooth mineralization on the lower arch and the skeletal age: literature review

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de revisar a literatura buscando uma correlação entre os estágios de mineralização dentária e a idade esquelética. Enquanto alguns trabalhos não encontraram nenhuma correlação entre essas idades biológicas, outros mostraram uma íntima relação entre elas, sugerindo a determinação da idade esquelética a partir da mineralização radicular de dentes específicos, principalmente no arco inferior. Portanto, um levantamento minucioso das opiniões acerca do assunto poderá colaborar para uma melhor compreensão das controvérsias existentes.<br>The aim of this work was to get a correlationship between the stages of tooth mineralization and the skeletal age. This work was carried on in order to clean the controverses find in the literature about this subject. While some articles don’t get any correlationship between those biological age, some show a great relation between them, suggesting the possibility of determine the skeletal age using the stages of tooth mineralization

Outcomes in Newly Diagnosed Atrial Fibrillation and History of Acute Coronary Syndromes: Insights from GARFIELD-AF

BACKGROUND: Many patients with atrial fibrillation have concomitant coronary artery disease with or without acute coronary syndromes and are in need of additional antithrombotic therapy. There are few data on the long-term clinical outcome of atrial fibrillation patients with a history of acute coronary syndrome. This is a 2-year study of atrial fibrillation patients with or without a history of acute coronary syndromes