Field Measurements of Spontaneous Potential (SP) for Smart Well Monitoring and Control. A Field Test in the UK Chalk Aquifer

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Optimizing the G/T ratio of the DSS-13 34-meter beam-waveguide antenna

Calculations using Physical Optics computer software were done to optimize the gain-to-noise-temperature (G/T) ratio of Deep Space Station (DSS)-13, the Deep Space Network's (DSN's) 34-m beam-waveguide antenna, at X-band for operation with the ultra-low-noise amplifier maser system. A better G/T value was obtained by using a 24.2-dB far-field-gain smooth-wall dual-mode horn than by using the standard X-band 22.5-dB-gain corrugated horn

The dynamics of income inequality in Mexico since NAFTA

This paper reviews the pattern of income inequality in Mexico since 1994. It shows that in the past few years there has been an important reduction of income inequality in Mexico, which has almost reverted the sharp increase in inequality observed between 1984 and 1994. Using a Gini decomposition exercise we conclude that labor income, transfers and remittances have all played an important role in this process. We also argue that the equalizing effect of labor income and the reduction of wage inequality in Mexico can be explained by a structural change in Mexico‟s workforce composition in terms of education and experience. In general, we conclude that the recent reduction of inequality in Mexico is due to the interaction of both, the market and the State.income inequality, Mexico, NAFTA, Gini decomposition

Investigating the true rate of physical intimate partner violence: A review of nationally representative surveys

This review systematically investigates rates of physical intimate partner violence for both sexes in international samples. Surveys that accessed nationally representative samples, used gender inclusive methodology and neutral contexts are reviewed to determine 12 month and lifetime victimization and perpetration rates. Discrepancies between international rates, and the impact that gender equality may have upon these differences is also investigated. Electronic databases were systematically searched to identify surveys that met inclusion criteria. Eleven surveys were reviewed. Of these, Family Violence surveys had the highest methodological quality and showed equal rates for both sexes. Surveys of lesser quality typically showed higher female victimization and male perpetration rates. Countries at the extremes of gender empowerment measure scores differed in their patterns of rates. Gender equality in the US was associated with symmetry for the sexes, and inequality in Uganda associated with higher female victimization. However, as countries tended to use different methods to investigate the problem it was not possible to compare the effects of gender equality on differences in international rates of IPV. It is concluded that survey methodology needs to be consistent across nations, and specifically target family violence if true rates are to be determined and compared across the globe

The casimir free energy in high- and low-temperature limits

The problem with the temperature dependence of the Casimir force is investigated. We analyse high-temperature limit analytically making calculations at real frequencies. The purpose is to answer the questionwhy there is no continuous transition between real and ideal metals and why the result\ud does not depend on the relaxation frequency. It is found that the contribution of evanescent s polarized fields is finite even for an infinitely small relaxation frequency (plasma model) and exactly cancels the contribution of propagating fields. For the ideal metal the evanescent fields do not contribute at all. The lowtemperature\ud limit is analysed to establish behaviour of the entropy at T → 0. It is stressed that the nonlocal effects are important in this limit because the mean free path for electrons becomes larger than the field penetration depth.\ud In this limit vF /a plays the role of the relaxation frequency, where vF is the Fermi velocity and a is the distance between plates. It is indicated that the\ud Leontovich approximate impedance cannot be used for calculations because it is good for the description of propagating but not evanescent fields. It is found\ud that due to nonlocality the Casimir entropy approaches zero at T → 0 when s polarization does not contribute to the classical part of the Casimir force