Brazilian economy and real estate: a synthesis of the last decades

Como desdobramento da pesquisa realizada para obtenção do título de mestre por um dos autores, ambos os autores discorrem nesse artigo sobre os principais eventos econômicos e marcos regulatórios que ocorreram nas últimas décadas no Brasil e em São Paulo e o desenvolvimento do mercado imobiliário face a esses acontecimentos.A partir da criação do Banco Nacional da Habitação, na década de 1960, até o recente êxito produtivo do Programa Minha Casa, Minha Vida; considerando, nesse ínterim, eventos econômicos nacionais e políticas federais e municipais (na cidade de São Paulo), esses acontecimentos são sintetizados em ordem cronológica, com o intuito de ressaltar a importância da economia sobre a produção urbana residencial, particularmente a realizada pela iniciativa privada.As a result of the research carried out to obtaining the title of master by one of the authors, both the authors comment in this article on the major economic events and regulatory systems, which occurred in recent decades paragraph Brazil and Sao Paulo, and the development of the real estate, in the face of these events.From the creation of the Bank National Housing (BNH), in the 1960s, to the recent production success of  Program My House, My Life (PMHML); whereas in the interim, economic events national and federal and municipal policies (in the city of Sao Paulo), these events are summarized in chronological order, in order to highlight the importance of the economy on residential urban production, particularly carried out by private initiative. 

Effects of Swim Training on Energetics and Performance

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of several months of training on performance and energetic profile of elite swimmers. 9 elite swimmers were evaluated at 3 different time periods during the 2010-2011 calendar. Swimming performance was assessed based on lists of times for the 200 m freestyle event. An incremental set of 7×200 m swims was applied to obtain the energetic data. Measurements and/or estimations were made for the: velocity at 4 mmol l - 1 of lactate concentrations, highest value of lactate concentrations, maximal oxygen consumption, minimum swimming velocity where the maximal oxygen consumption is reached and total energy expenditure (Etot). The performance and most of the energetic variables assessed presented no significant variations during the study period. The only exception was the Etot with significant differences between all measurements. Correlation coefficients suggested a high stability for all variables. Cohen's Kappa tracking index demonstrated high variability in the individual adaptations to training. It is concluded that elite swimmers demonstrate a slight improvement in performance and energetic profile in response to several months of training. Each subject has an individual way of adapting to the training load, combining the different energetic confounders to enhance performanc

Estado, mercado e a produção imobiliária residencial de São Paulo, 2014-2018

Este trabalho envolve desde a matriz econômica brasileira à produção imobiliária residencial vertical, desenvolvida pela iniciativa privada no município de São Paulo, entre os anos de 2014 e 2018. O ano de 2014 marcou o início de um período de crise e de mudanças econômicas no cenário brasileiro e, também, a aprovação do novo Plano Diretor Estratégico de 2014. Apontamos que o processo de mudança do perfil residencial da produção urbana, fomentada pela iniciativa privada em São Paulo, deu-se por meio de uma conjuntura entre o cenário econômico, as regulações na esfera federal – através da reafirmação da matriz econômica de apoio à produção de habitação disponível vigente no Brasil, incluindo o Programa Minha Casa, Minha Vida – e na esfera municipal – através do PDE-2014, da Lei de Parcelamento, Uso e Ocupação do Solo de 2016 (LPUOS-2016), da “Lei de HIS” de 2016 e do Código de Obras e Edificações de 2017 (COE-2017). Ao confrontar os dados empíricos sistematizados com o quadro referencial teórico levantado, ao observar o contexto econômico e a participação do Estado, em esfera federal – por meio da Caixa Econômica Federal e do Programa Minha Casa, Minha Vida – e, ainda, os marcos regulatórios em esfera municipal os quais pretendiam redirecionar o perfil da produção imobiliária urbana gerada pela iniciativa privada para uma cidade mais compacta e com habitações de caráter social –, apresentamos, neste trabalho, os componentes estruturantes e conjunturais que, concatenados, permitiram a mudança do perfil da produção imobiliária residencial vertical urbana, dentro de uma matriz econômica e regulatória.This work involves from the Brazilian economic matrix and the vertical residential real estate production developed by the private initiative in the city of São Paulo, between the years 2014 and 2018. 2014 was a year that marked the beginning of a period of crisis and economic changes in the Brazilian scenario; and, also, the approval of the new Strategic Master Plan for 2014 (PDE-2014). We point out that the process of changing the residential profile of urban production, promoted by the private sector in São Paulo, took place through a conjuncture between the economic scenario, the regulations in the federal sphere - by reaffirming the economic matrix of support for the production of available housing in force in Brazil, including the Programa Minha Casa, Minha Vida – and at the municipal level – through the PDE-2014, the Land Installment, Use and Occupation Law of 2016 (LPUOS-2016), the “HIS Law” of 2016 and the Works and Buildings Code of 2017 (COE-2017 ). When confronting the systematized empirical data with the theoretical framework raised, observing the economic context, and the participation of the State, at the federal level – through the Caixa Economica Federal and the Programa Minha Casa, Minha Vida – and, still, the regulatory marks in municipal sphere - which intended to redirect the profile of urban real estate production generated by the private initiative, to a more compact city with social housing - we present in this work the structural and conjunctural components that, concatenated, allowed the change in the profile of vertical urban residential real estate production, within an economic and regulatory framework.Instituto Presbiteriano Mackenzi

A economia brasileira e o mercado imobiliário: uma síntese das últimas décadas.

Como desdobramento da pesquisa realizada para obtenção do título de mestre por um dos autores, ambos os autores discorrem nesse artigo sobre os principais eventos econômicos e marcos regulatórios que ocorreram nas últimas décadas no Brasil e em São Paulo e o desenvolvimento do mercado imobiliário face a esses acontecimentos.A partir da criação do Banco Nacional da Habitação, na década de 1960, até o recente êxito produtivo do Programa Minha Casa, Minha Vida; considerando, nesse ínterim, eventos econômicos nacionais e políticas federais e municipais (na cidade de São Paulo), esses acontecimentos são sintetizados em ordem cronológica, com o intuito de ressaltar a importância da economia sobre a produção urbana residencial, particularmente a realizada pela iniciativa privada

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research