The Canadian Armed Forces Advisory Training Team Tanzania 1965–1970

At the beginning of the 1960s Canada embarked on an increasingly interventionist policy in Southern Africa that included a significant number of peacekeeping, military, and technical assistance programmes1. In addition to peacekeeping efforts in the Congo (1960–64), Canada provided military assistance to Ghana (1961–68), Zambia (1965), Tanzania (1965–70) and Nigeria (1963/1968–70). While the Zambia and Nigeria missions were essentially responses to emergencies, the Ghana and Tanzania missions were more calculated affairs. To help foster democratic governments Canada agreed to assist in the establishment and training of professional armies and air forces which, when combined with governmental assistance and other infrastructure building, would firmly support a pro–Western rather than communist regime in the two countries. While the mission for Ghana began in 1961, the Canadian Armed Forces Advisory and Training Team Tanzania (CAFATTT) was officially authorized on December 8th, 1964, after Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson made the announcement in the House of Commons. Over the next five years the Canadian contingent built the Tanzanian People’s Defence Force (TPDF) from the ground up, creating everything from Tanzania’s National Defence Act to the instructional pamphlets used for teaching weapons classes. Throughout the CAFATTT mission both Russian and Chinese advisory teams who were also competing for Tanzania continuously challenged the Canadians, initiating a game of Cold War chess with all of Southern Africa as the prize. In the end, the Canadians were unable to sway Tanzania towards the west and were forced to leave only five years after they had first arrived

A Lesson in Success: The Calonne Trench Raid, 17 January 1917

The Allied armies slugged it out on the Western front for nearly four years before finally achieving the breakout sought since November 1914. The four-division strong Canadian Corps led this “spearhead to victory.” Its commander was Lieutenant-General Sir Arthur Currie, and his corps was commonly referred to as the “shock troops” of the British Expeditionary Force and as “the enemy’s elite soldiers” by the German high command. This reputation stemmed from the Canadians’ impressive record of success in raiding the German lines throughout the war. The Canadian Corps’ flexibility, and initiative, the aggressiveness of its soldiers, and their ever improving skills of fire and movement continually added to the growing legend of Canadians being masters of the art of the trench raid. One operation in particular, a raid against the German lines along the Lens-Bethune railway northeast of Cite Calonne on 17 January 1917, was almost flawless in its planning and preparation, and near text-book in its execution and resulting effect

The birth of the congressional clinic

This paper investigates the impact of mortality in the districts/states represented in key congressional groups (i.e. committees, subcommittees, and parties) on the public investment in medical research in the US. I focus on National Institutes of Health (NIH) R01 grants awarded between 1985-2002. Exploiting the recomposition of any group after congressional elections, I estimate that the composition of the House Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education and Related Agencies (HouS), impacts the NIH budget: a 1% increase of life-years lost because of a disease in the districts represented in HouS increases the funds for clinical research on that disease by 1.2-3.2%. I also find that this impact results from the larger bargaining power of HouS or the House majority, or both groups, in the budget process. No group significantly impacts the allocation of funds for basic research, or the allocation of funds across states.health policy ; government policy ; publicly-provided goods ; medical research ; legislative bargaining

Canadian Soldiers in West African Conflicts, 1885–1905

This article examines the role played by Canadians at the turn of the century in West Africa. Though not intended to draw sweeping conclusions about the influence of such operations on the Canadian army as a whole—such analysis must follow at a later time when more contextual evidence is available—it does rediscover a largely forgotten chapter in the origins and evolution of the army, as well as raise a number of questions that obviously deserve greater attention. Most important, perhaps, this article demonstrates that a new approach to the analysis of the pre–1914 Canadian army is required, one that focuses as much on the influence of those who left Canada for military service as those who remained within the ranks of the institution at home. There is little question that the development of a better undersatnding of the pre–Great War Canadian Army is long overdue. Existing literature too often focuses solely on how the British army controlled and influenced a nascent Canadian militia. As this article reveals, not only are such analyses incomplete but they do not reverse the lens and examine how Canada and Canadians influenced the British army and its operations abroad during the same period. A more complete picture of the Canadian army evolution can only exist through such an examination, and this article touches on but one topic that brings new evidence for that reassessment

A Force of Reason: Canada, Central America, and the \u3cem\u3eGrupo de Observadores de la Naciones Unidas para Centro America\u3c/em\u3e

Though the Cold War never led to open hostilities between the United States of America and the Soviet Union, the two superpowers did engage in a seemingly endless series of wars by proxy in their struggle for dominance over international affairs. One of the major arenas was Central America, where regional politics influenced by ideologies led to decades of internal and external strife. Yet a glimmer of hope for peace emerged in the early 1980s even though acrimonious relations persisted between the US and USSR. Central and South American governments, with the encouragement of more distant nations, began a process of negotiation that eventually led to a reversal of the cycle violence. Canada played a leading role in providing substantial diplomatic and military assistance. It was not the first time that the country had assumed the role of impartial arbiter in international affairs. However, Canada’s political involvement and its subsequent participation in the Grupo de Observadores de la Naciones Unidas para Centro America presented unique political and military challenges that foreshadowed the tremendous difficulties Canadian peacekeepers would face a few years later in the Balkans

le réseau supply chain: approches pratiques et de confiance pour la réussite à long terme (supply chain network: trust and practical approaches to longterm success)

La Chaîne d’Offre (Supply Chain) fait partie de la coopération interentreprises et de la dynamique organisationnelle de nombreuses activités, processus et systèmes. C’est le défi pour chaque partenaire d’établir une stratégie de définition des facteurs clés de la réussite et de connaissance sur les façons dont lui et les autres partenaires interagissent. Etant donné que chaque relation joue un rôle crucial, tous les partenaires ont le même poids dans la satisfaction ininterrompue de la demande. La confiance est le connecteur le plus important du point de vue de réussite. Toutes les autres relations sont fondées sur la confiance. Par conséquent, ce papier considère le réseau de la chaîne d’offre comme un réseau de valeurs et met l’accent sur les différentes facettes de la confiance, sur les stratégies fondées sur la confiance et fait de propositions sur l’utilisation de la confiance comme facteur clé dans la réussite opérationnelle, tactique et stratégique d’un réseau de chaîne d’offre. The Supply Chain (SC) falls within the scope of inter-company co-operation and the organizational dynamic of new organizational forms and comprises many activities, processes and systems. It is the duty of each partner (participant) to get to know the key factors to success and how each interacts with the others. The connectors, given that each relationship plays a crucial role, are of equal value in continuously satisfying demand. Trust is the most important connector with a view to success. All the other relationships made are based on trust. Consequently, this paper lays stress on the Supply Chain network as a “network of values” and on the different dimensions of shared trust, the strategies based on trust and the suggestions for using trust as the key factor in the operational, tactical and strategic success of an SC network.the supply chain, trust, inter-company, cooperation