Automatic Estimation of Verified Floating-Point Round-Off Errors via Static Analysis

This paper introduces a static analysis technique for computing formally verified round-off error bounds of floating-point functional expressions. The technique is based on a denotational semantics that computes a symbolic estimation of floating-point round-o errors along with a proof certificate that ensures its correctness. The symbolic estimation can be evaluated on concrete inputs using rigorous enclosure methods to produce formally verified numerical error bounds. The proposed technique is implemented in the prototype research tool PRECiSA (Program Round-o Error Certifier via Static Analysis) and used in the verification of floating-point programs of interest to NASA

IL-33 Is Produced by Mast Cells and Regulates IgE-Dependent Inflammation

Background: IL-33 is a recently characterized IL-1 family cytokine and found to be expressed in inflammatory diseases, including severe asthma and inflammatory bowl disease. Recombinant IL-33 has been shown to enhance Th2-associated immune responses and potently increase mast cell proliferation and cytokine production. While IL-33 is constitutively expressed in endothelial and epithelial cells, where it may function as a transcriptional regulator, cellular sources of IL-33 and its role in inflammation remain unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here, we identify mast cells as IL-33 producing cells. IgE/antigen activation of bone marrow-derived mast cells or a murine mast cell line (MC/9) significantly enhanced IL-33. Conversely, recombinant IL-33 directly activated mast cells to produce several cytokines including IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6 but not IL-33. We show that expression of IL-33 in response to IgE-activation required calcium and that ionomycin was sufficient to induce IL-33. In vivo, peritoneal mast cells expressed IL-33 and IL-33 levels were significantly lower within the skin of mast cell deficient mice, compared to littermate controls. Local activation of mast cells promotes edema, followed by the recruitment of inflammatory cells. We demonstrate using passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, a mast cell-dependent model, that deficiency in ST2 or antibody blockage of ST2 or IL-33 ablated the late phase inflammatory response but that the immediate phase response was unaffected. IL-33 levels in the skin were significantly elevated only during the late phase

Multi-messenger observations of a binary neutron star merger

On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of ~1.7 s with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg2 at a luminosity distance of 40+8-8 Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 Mo. An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at ~40 Mpc) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One- Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over ~10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient’s position ~9 and ~16 days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta

Variância e média da massa de frutos de abobrinha-italiana em múltiplas colheitas Variance and means of zucchini fruit mass in multiple harvests

A variância associada à produção em plantas com colheitas múltiplas nem sempre é homogênea, o que compromete a precisão experimental. Com o objetivo de identificar o comportamento da média e da variância da massa dos frutos de abobrinha-italiana (Curcubita pepo) com o passar das colheitas, entre as linhas de cultivo dentro de cada colheita e entre colheitas, e verificar a interferência de diferentes manejos nesse comportamento, conduziu-se um trabalho nas estações sazonais inverno-primavera (I/P) e verão-outono (V/O) 2004/2005. O experimento foi conduzido em dois túneis (T1 e T2), com três linhas de 25 plantas por túnel, com a cultivar Caserta. Em T1 utilizou-se irrigação por gotejamento, com mulching sobre os camalhões e menor aplicação de biocidas que em T2. Em T2 utilizou-se irrigação por aspersores, colocados a 1,8 m de altura, sem mulching sobre os camalhões. Aplicou-se o teste de Bartlett entre as seis variâncias das linhas de cultivo dentro de cada colheita e entre as variâncias médias das seis linhas para verificar a homogeneidade entre colheitas em cada estação de cultivo. Para comparação das médias de produção de cada linha de cultivo, em cada colheita, dentro de cada túnel, e entre linhas de cultivo, com a mesma posição nos túneis, foi aplicado o teste t. Na estação V/O, as variâncias foram homogêneas em duas das onze colheitas e, na estação I/P, em dez das treze colheitas, sendo que em ambas as estações houve maior homogeneidade das variâncias na primeira metade do ciclo. Na estação V/O, as variâncias em T1 foram, de modo geral, menores em todo o ciclo. Nas duas estações houve heterogeneidade na variância entre colheitas. Na estação V/O, ocorreram diferenças significativas em seis e três colheitas, respectivamente em T1 e T2, com as médias de produção atingindo 481,0 em T1 e 454,0 g planta-1 em T2. Na estação I/P ocorreram diferenças de produção na primeira (T1) e quarta e quinta colheitas (T2), com as médias atingindo 598,2 (T1) e 597,4 g planta-1 (T2).<br>The variance associated to the production of plants with multiple harvests is not always homogeneous, what compromises the experimental precision. To address this issue, in this work we identified (1) the behavior of the means and variance for fruit mass in zucchini (Curcubita pepo) along harvests, between planting rows within and betweens harvests, and (2) the interference of different crop managements over these parameters. The experiment was carried out in two seasons, winter-spring (I/P) and summer-autumn (V/O), 2004/2005, using cultivar Caserta and two plastic tunnels (T1 and T2), with three 25-plant rows in each tunnel. In T1, drip irrigation was used, combined with mulching over the ridges, and less biocide spraying than in T2. In T2, sprinkler irrigation was used, placed 1,8 m height, without mulching. The Bartlett test was applied to the six planting row variances within each harvest and to the average variance of each row to check the homogeneity between harvests in each crop season. The t test was used to compare the production means in each planting row, in each harvest, in each tunnel, and also between planting rows, for plants with the same position in the tunnel. In the V/O season, variances were homogeneous in two out of the eleven harvests. In season I/P, variances were homogeneous in ten of the thirteen harvests. In both seasons, variance homogeneity was higher in the first half of the cycle. In V/O, variances in T1 were in general smaller than in T2 in the whole cycle. In both seasons there was variance heterogeneity between harvests. In V/O, significant differences were observed in six and three harvests, respectively in T1 and T2, with production means reaching 481.0 and 454.0 g plant-1 T1 and T2, respectively. In I/P, significant differences were observed in the first (T1) and fourth and fifth harvests (T2), with the means for fruit mass reaching 598.2 (T1) and 597.4 g plant-1 (T2)