Salmonella infection in healthy pet reptiles: Bacteriological isolation and study of some pathogenic characters

The fecal samples from 213 captive reptiles were examined, and 29 (13.61%) Salmonella enterica isolates were detected: 14/62 (22.58%) from chelonians, 14/135 (10.37%) from saurians, and 1/16 (6.25%) from ophidians. The isolates were distributed among 14 different serotypes: Miami, Ebrie, Hermannsweder, Tiergarten, Tornov, Pomona, Poona, Goteborg, Abaetetube, Nyanza, Kumasi, Typhimurium, 50:b:z6, 9,12:z29:1,5, and a non-motile serotype with antigenic formula 1,4,[5],12:-:-. Salmonella typhimurium and 50:b:z6 isolates showed the spv plasmid virulence genes, responsible of the capability to induce extra-intestinal infections. In some cases, pulsed field gel electrophoresis revealed different profiles for the strains of the same serotypes, showing different origins, whereas a common source of infection was supposed when one pulsotype had been observed for isolates of a serovar. Twenty-seven (93.10%) isolates showed resistance to one or more antibiotics. Ceftazidime was active to all the tested isolates, whereas the highest percentages of strains were no susceptible to tigecycline (93.10%), streptomycin (89.66%), and sulfonamide (86.21%)

Control of Salmonella environmental contamination during

This study aims at investigating Salmonella environmental contamination of trucks and lairage pens and evaluating the efficiency of an improved cleaning and disinfection protocol to reduce Salmonella environmental contamination. During four days, the lairage of two French pig slaughterhouses were sampled twice a day when pigs were present and once at the end of the week after the cleaning protocol. In parallel, six trucks per day were randomly selected and sampled at their arrival and after the cleaning procedure. The samples consisted of floor surface swabbing. Salmonella occurrence, level of contamination and serotypes were determined. The efficiency of different cleaning and disinfection procedures on the presence of Salmonella was also estimated. Salmonella was isolated in 97.7% of the lairage samples when pigs were present (contamination levels \u3e104UFC/m2) and in 65% of the truck samples (contamination levels from \u3c10 to \u3e104UFC/m2). An improved cleaning and disinfection procedure reduced efficiently the occurrence and the level of contamination in the trucks (almost 100%) compared to a simple wash with cold water (no effect), more partially in the lairage. This study showed the importance of a good cleaning and disinfection protocol to decrease the level of contamination or eliminate the bacteria in the trucks used for the transport of pigs

Characterisation of a non-pathogenic and non-protective infectious rabbit lagovirus related to RHDV

The existence of non-pathogenic RHDV strains was established when a non-lethal virus named rabbit calicivirus (RCV) was characterised in 1996 in Italy. Since then, different RNA sequences related to RHDV have been detected in apparently healthy domestic and wild rabbits, and recently a new lagovirus was identified in Australia. We have characterised from seropositive healthy domestic rabbits a non-lethal lagovirus that differs from RHDV in terms of pathogenicity, tissue tropism and capsid protein sequence. Phylogenetic analyses have revealed that it is close to the Ashington strain and to the RCV, but distinct. We proved experimentally that it is infectious but non-pathogenic and demonstrated that, contrary to the other described non-pathogenic lagoviruses, it induces antibodies that do not protect against RHDV. Our results indicate the existence of a gradient of cross-protection between circulating strains, from non-protective, partially protective to protective strains, and highlight the extent of diversity within the genus Lagovirus

Chapitre 1. La grotte

La grotte de Pergouset a été découverte en février 1964 par J.‑G. Astruc, C. Brillant, G. et M.‑T. Maury, C. Milhas et l’abbé Terret, tous membres du Groupe spéléologique du Quercy. Elle a fait l’objet d’une étude pluridisciplinaire qui a duré dix années, dont les résultats sont publiés ici. La grotte s’ouvre sur les berges du Lot, sur la commune de Saint‑Géry (Lot). Elle est formée d’un conduit unique et très étroit, long de 190 m, se terminant par une chatière conduisant à un petit cours d’eau souterrain. Elle constitue la galerie supérieure et le trop‑plein de ce ruisseau. Les secteurs ornés de gravures pariétales sont de petites salles dans lesquelles on peut se tenir assis. La partie profonde est par contre plus vaste. Une série de 16 sondages a permis d’étudier le remplissage de la cavité. Les sédiments sont principalement argilo‑limoneux et souvent finement feuilletés. Ils ont été déposés par la rivière souterraine et par le Lot. Ils sont épais de plusieurs mètres à l’entrée et de 1 à 2,50 m dans les galeries profondes où se trouvent les gravures. La cavité est régulièrement inondée en hiver par les crues du Lot : elle le fut également tout au long du passé et même dès le Paléolithique. Les sondages, complétés par des nettoyages du bas des parois couvert de limon d’inondation, n’ont révélé aucune gravure pariétale ensevelie sous le remplissage. Dans la zone d’entrée, les sondages ont permis de mettre en évidence l’importance de l’occupation médiévale, en relation probable avec une exploitation des ressources de la rivière (pêcherie). Aucun niveau paléolithique n’a été mis au jour. Les quelques menus charbons trouvés lors des fouilles dans les zones ornées de gravures (salle II) sont d’époque récente, probablement médiévale. Ils semblent avoir été introduits par les eaux du Lot, lors d’une crue exceptionnelle. Les zones intérieures explorées par les autres sondages se sont avérées archéologiquement stériles. Le seul indice possible de présence paléolithique au pied de la paroi ornée a été découvert dans la salle IV. Il s’agit d’un charbon de bois situé sur une corniche rocheuse et qui était recouvert par 5 cm de limon ; il a été daté de 32 850 ans ± 520 BP (Gif A96675) mais ne semble pas avoir de relation avec les gravures dont l’ensemble est très probablement magdalénien. La fréquentation paléolithique de la grotte lors de la production des gravures a dû être discrète et peu prolongée puisqu’aucun vestige n’a été mis au jour dans les sédiments malgré une recherche systématique incluant même des examens microscopiques. Les études géologique (J.‑G. Astruc), sédimentologique (C. Ferrier) pollinique (F. Diot), anthracologique (J.‑L. Vernet), ichtyologique (O. Le Gall) ainsi que l’étude anthropologique de restes humains découverts dans l’entrée (M. Escola) ont apporté des informations qui complètent les données des sondages et permettent de comprendre l’évolution du site ainsi que son utilisation par l’homme au cours du temps. En tenant compte de la localisation générale des gravures au‑dessus des niveaux d’inondation visibles dans les différents secteurs de la grotte et en s’appuyant également sur les résultats des sondages et de toutes les analyses scientifiques, l’ensemble du travail réalisé permet d’affirmer qu’au moment de l’exécution des gravures, le sol de la grotte était à peu près au niveau où il se trouve aujourd’hui. Presque toutes les gravures sont situées à l’emplacement et à la hauteur où un graveur les placerait aujourd’hui. L’ancienneté de la grande majorité du remplissage, sa stabilité actuelle et sa stérilité archéologique sont donc acquises. Même en acceptant l’existence hypothétique d’un dépôt récent de quelques centimètres dans divers secteurs de la galerie, la permanence topographique des lieux est établie. En réponse à la question qui se posait dès le début des recherches dans la grotte, il est maintenant possible d’affirmer que Pergouset fut bien au Paléolithique une cavité étroite, à peu près aussi étroite qu’aujourd’hui, renfermant un sanctuaire difficile d’accès.The cave of Pergouset was discovered in February 1964 by J.‑G. Astruc, C. Brillant, G. & M.‑T. Maury, C. Milhas and the abbé Terret, all members of the Quercy Spelaeological Group. It has now been the subject of a ten‑year multidisciplinary study, the results of which are presented in this monograph. Located on the bank of the River Lot, in the commune of Saint‑Géry (Lot), it comprises a single, very narrow passage, 190 m long, which ends in a crawlway leading to a small underground watercourse. This constitutes the upper gallery and overflow of this subterranean stream. The areas decorated with parietal engravings are small chambers in which one can only sit. The deep part, on the other hand, is more spacious. A series of sixteen test‑pits have made it possible to study the cave’s fill. The sediments are mostly clay and silt, often finely laminated, which were laid down by the underground river and the Lot. They are several metres thick at the entrance, and 1 to 2.5 m thick in the deep galleries where the engravings are located. The cave is regularly inundated in winter when the Lot floods: the same phenomenon occurred throughout the past, and even in the Palaeolithic. The test‑pits, together with cleaning of the bottom of the walls covered by flood silts, have not revealed a single parietal engraving buried beneath the fill. In the entrance zone, the test‑pits brought to light the importance of the medieval occupation, probably related to exploitation of the river’s resources (fisheries). No palaeolithic layer was discovered. The few small bits of charcoal produced by excavations in the zones decorated with engravings (chamber II) date to a recent period, probably medieval. They seem to have been brought in by the waters of the Lot during an exceptional flood. The interior zones explored by the other test‑pits proved to be archaeologically sterile. The only possible evidence of a palaeolithic presence at the base of the decorated wall was discovered in chamber IV. It was a piece of wood charcoal that lay on a rocky ledge and was covered by five centimetres of silt; it has been dated to 32,850 ± 520 BP (Gif A96675), but does not seem to have any relationship with the engravings, all of which are very probably magdalenian. Palaeolithic visits to the cave at the time when the engravings were produced must have been unobtrusive and of short duration, since no evidence has been found in the sediments despite a systematic search, including microscopic examinations. Geological (J.‑G. Astruc), sedimentological (C. Ferrier), palynological (F. Diot), anthracological (J.‑L. Vernet) and ichthyological (O. Le Gall) studies, as well as the anthropological analysis of the human remains discovered in the entrance (M. Escola) have contributed a variety of information that completes the data from the test‑pits and makes it possible to understand the site’s evolution as well as its utilisation by people through time. If one takes into account the general location of the engravings above the flood levels visible in the cave’s different sectors, and also the results of the test‑pits and all the scientific analyses, then ail of the work carried out enables one to claim that, at the time when the engravings were made, the cave floor was more or less at today’s level. Almost all the engravings are placed in locations and at the height where an engraver would put them today. So the antiquity of most of the fill, its present stability and its archaeological sterility are definite facts. Even if one accepts the hypothetical existence of a recent deposit of a few centimetres in various sectors of the gallery, the cave’s topographic permanence is now well established. In answer to the question that our research posed from the start, it is now possible to affirm that Pergouset in the Palaeolithic was indeed a narrow cave, more or less as narrow as today, that contained a sanctuary which was difficult to reach.En febrero de 1964, J.‑G. Astruc, C. Brillant, G. y M.‑T. Maury, C. Milhas y el abate Terret, todos ellos miembros del Grupo Espeleológico de Quercy, descubrieron la gruta de Pergouset. Ésta, durante diez años fue objeto de un estudio monográfico pluridisciplinar, cuyos resultados se publican aqui. Abierta sobre las riberas del río Lot, en el término municipal de Saint‑Géry (Lot), está formada por un único y muy estrecho conducto de 190m de longitud terminado por una gatera que conduce a un pequeño arroyo subterráneo. La gruta constituye la galería superior y el desagüe de ese arroyo subterráneo. Los sectores decorados con grabados parietales son salas pequeñas en las que una persona puede mantenerse sentada. La parte profunda es más amplia. Una serie de dieciséis sondeos permitió estudiar el relleno de la cavidad. Los sedimentos, depositados por la corriente subterránea y por el Lot, son principalmente arcillo‑limosos, a menudo con finas laminaciones. Su espesor alcanza varios metros en la entrada y oscilan entre 1 y 2.50m en las galerías profundas, en las que se localizan los grabados. La cavidad se inunda regularmente en invierno por las crecidas del Lot ; lo mismo ocurrió en tiempos remotos, incluso en el Paleolítico. Completados con limpiezas de las partes bajas de las paredes cubiertas por limos de inundación, los sondeos no sacaron a la luz grabado parietal alguno que hubiera sido tapado por el relleno. En la zona de entrada, los sondeos pusieron de relieve la importancia de la ocupación medieval, relacionada con una explotación de los recursos ribereños (pesqueria). Ningún nivel paleolítico ha sido descubierto. Algunos diminutos carbones recuperados durante las excavaciones en las zonas decoradas con grabados (sala II) son de época reciente, probablemente medieval. Puede que hayan sido introducidos allí por las aguas del Lot, con ocasión de una crecida excepcional. Las zonas interiores, exploradas con otros sondeos, se han revelado arqueológicamente estériles. El único índice posible de una presencia paleolítica se descubrió en la sala IV al pie de la pared decorada. Se trata de un carbón de madera recubierto por cinco centímetros de limo que se hallaba en una cornisa rocosa. Se dato en 32850 años ± 520 BP (Gif A 96675), pero no parece tener relación con los grabados, cuyo conjunto es muy probablemente magdaleniense. Durante la realización de los grabados, la frecuencia de entrada en la gruta debió de ser discreta y poco prolongada, puesto que ningún vestigio ha sido descubierto en los sedimentos, pese a una búsqueda sistemática, incluso con estudios microscópicos. Los estudios geológico (J.‑G Astruc), sedimentológico (C. Ferrier), polinico (F. Diot), antracologico (J.‑L. Vernet) e ictiológico (O. Le Gall), así como el estudio antropológico de los restos humanos descubiertos en la entrada (M. Escola) han proporcionado informaciones variadas que complementan los datos de los sondeos y permiten comprender la evolución del sitio, así como su utilización por el hombre a lo largo del tiempo. Teniendo en cuenta la localización general de los grabados por encima de los niveles de inundación, visibles en los diferentes sectores de la gruta, y apoyándose igualmente en los resultados de los sondeos y demás análisis científicos, el conjunto del trabajo realizado permite afirmar que cuando se hicieron los grabados el suelo de la cueva estaba poco más o menos al nivel en que se encuentra hoy. Casi todos los grabados se sitúan en el emplazamiento y a la altura en los que hoy día los colocaría un grabador. Por lo tanto podemos considerar como datos reconocidos la antigüedad de la mayoría del relleno, su estabilidad y su esterilidad arqueológica. Incluso aún cuando aceptemos la existencia de un depósito de algunos centimètres de espesor en diversos sectores de la galeria, queda establecida la permanencia topográfica de los lugares. Ahora es posible afirmar que la gruta de Pergouset fue, ya desde el Paleolitico, una cavidad estrecha, poco más o menos como lo es hoy, que encerraba un santuario de dificil acceso

Green Production of Anionic Surfactant Obtained from Pea Protein

A pea protein isolate was hydrolyzed by a double enzyme treatment method in order to obtain short peptide sequences used as raw materials to produce lipopeptides-based surfactants. Pea protein hydrolysates were prepared using the combination of Alcalase and Flavourzyme. The influence of the process variables was studied to optimize the proteolytic degradation to high degrees of hydrolysis. The average peptide chain lengths were obtained at 3–5 amino acid units after a hydrolysis of 30 min with the mixture of enzymes. Then, N-acylation in water, in presence of acid chloride (C12 and C16), carried out with a conversion rate of amine functions of 90%, allowed to obtain anionic surfactant mixtures (lipopeptides and sodium fatty acids). These two steps were performed in water, in continuous and did not generate any waste. This process was therefore in line with green chemistry principles. The surface activities (CMC, foaming and emulsifying properties) of these mixtures were also studied. These formulations obtained from natural renewable resources and the reactions done under environmental respect, could replace petrochemical based surfactants for some applications

Isolated Boundary Singularities of Semilinear Elliptic Equations

Given a smooth domain \Omega\subset\RR^N such that $0 \in \partial\Omega$ and given a nonnegative smooth function $\zeta$ on $\partial\Omega$, we study the behavior near 0 of positive solutions of $-\Delta u=u^q$ in $\Omega$ such that $u = \zeta$ on $\partial\Omega\setminus\{0\}$. We prove that if $\frac{N+1}{N-1} < q < \frac{N+2}{N-2}$, then u(x)\leq C \abs{x}^{-\frac{2}{q-1}} and we compute the limit of \abs{x}^{\frac{2}{q-1}} u(x) as $x \to 0$. We also investigate the case $q= \frac{N+1}{N-1}$. The proofs rely on the existence and uniqueness of solutions of related equations on spherical domains

Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Background Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures. Methods We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography-year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 estimation processes, as well as data sources, in accordance with Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, life expectancy from birth increased from 61.7 years (95% uncertainty interval 61.4-61.9) in 1980 to 71.8 years (71.5-72.2) in 2015. Several countries in sub-Saharan Africa had very large gains in life expectancy from 2005 to 2015, rebounding from an era of exceedingly high loss of life due to HIV/AIDS. At the same time, many geographies saw life expectancy stagnate or decline, particularly for men and in countries with rising mortality from war or interpersonal violence. From 2005 to 2015, male life expectancy in Syria dropped by 11.3 years (3.7-17.4), to 62.6 years (56.5-70.2). Total deaths increased by 4.1% (2.6-5.6) from 2005 to 2015, rising to 55.8 million (54.9 million to 56.6 million) in 2015, but age-standardised death rates fell by 17.0% (15.8-18.1) during this time, underscoring changes in population growth and shifts in global age structures. The result was similar for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with total deaths from these causes increasing by 14.1% (12.6-16.0) to 39.8 million (39.2 million to 40.5 million) in 2015, whereas age-standardised rates decreased by 13.1% (11.9-14.3). Globally, this mortality pattern emerged for several NCDs, including several types of cancer, ischaemic heart disease, cirrhosis, and Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. By contrast, both total deaths and age-standardised death rates due to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional conditions significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, gains largely attributable to decreases in mortality rates due to HIV/AIDS (42.1%, 39.1-44.6), malaria (43.1%, 34.7-51.8), neonatal preterm birth complications (29.8%, 24.8-34.9), and maternal disorders (29.1%, 19.3-37.1). Progress was slower for several causes, such as lower respiratory infections and nutritional deficiencies, whereas deaths increased for others, including dengue and drug use disorders. Age-standardised death rates due to injuries significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, yet interpersonal violence and war claimed increasingly more lives in some regions, particularly in the Middle East. In 2015, rotaviral enteritis (rotavirus) was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to diarrhoea (146 000 deaths, 118 000-183 000) and pneumococcal pneumonia was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to lower respiratory infections (393 000 deaths, 228 000-532 000), although pathogen-specific mortality varied by region. Globally, the effects of population growth, ageing, and changes in age-standardised death rates substantially differed by cause. Our analyses on the expected associations between cause-specific mortality and SDI show the regular shifts in cause of death composition and population age structure with rising SDI. Country patterns of premature mortality (measured as years of life lost [YLLs]) and how they differ from the level expected on the basis of SDI alone revealed distinct but highly heterogeneous patterns by region and country or territory. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes were among the leading causes of YLLs in most regions, but in many cases, intraregional results sharply diverged for ratios of observed and expected YLLs based on SDI. Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases caused the most YLLs throughout sub-Saharan Africa, with observed YLLs far exceeding expected YLLs for countries in which malaria or HIV/AIDS remained the leading causes of early death. Interpretation At the global scale, age-specific mortality has steadily improved over the past 35 years; this pattern of general progress continued in the past decade. Progress has been faster in most countries than expected on the basis of development measured by the SDI. Against this background of progress, some countries have seen falls in life expectancy, and age-standardised death rates for some causes are increasing. Despite progress in reducing age-standardised death rates, population growth and ageing mean that the number of deaths from most non-communicable causes are increasing in most countries, putting increased demands on health systems. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

The modes of a negative multinomial distribution

In this paper, we show how the mode(s) of a negative multinomial distribution can be computed using some results obtained for the determination of the mode(s) of a Multinomial distribution (Le Gall, F., 2003. Determination of the modes of a Multinomial distribution. Statist. Probab. Lett. 62, 325-333).Mode Negative multinomial distribution r-variate Pascal distribution Multinomial distribution Negative binomial distribution

Determination of the modes of a Multinomial distribution

This paper presents an iterative algorithm for the computation of the mode(s) of a Multinomial distribution. A real multiplicative factor x is searched for so that the integer part of x times the probabilities of occurrence vector is a mode. We define bounds on x which can be used to compute the new mode(s) for variations on the parameters of the Multinomial distribution.Multinomial distribution Mode