54 research outputs found
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Effects of degree and timing of social housing on reversal learning and response to novel objects in dairy calves
Rodents and primates deprived of early social contact exhibit deficits in learning and behavioural
flexibility. They often also exhibit apparent signs of elevated anxiety, although the relationship between these effects has not been studied. To investigate whether dairy calves are similarly affected, we first compared calves housed in standard individual pens
(n = 7) to those housed in a dynamic group with access to their mothers (n = 8). All calves learned to approach the correct stimulus in a visual discrimination task. Only one individually housed calf was able to re-learn the task when the stimuli were reversed, compared to all but one calf from the group. A second experiment investigated whether this effect might be explained by anxiety in individually housed animals interfering with their learning, and tested varying degrees of social contact in addition to the complex group: pair housing beginning early (approximately 6 days old) and late (6 weeks old). Again, fewer individually reared calves learned the reversal task (2 of 10 or 20%) compared to early paired and grouped calves (16 of 21 or 76% of calves). Late paired calves had intermediate success. Individually housed calves were slower to touch novel objects, but the magnitude of the fear response did not correlate with reversal performance. We conclude that individually housed calves have learning deficits, but these deficits were not likely associated with increased
anxiety
The catatonic dilemma expanded
Catatonia is a common syndrome that was first described in the literature by Karl Kahlbaum in 1874. The literature is still developing and remains unclear on many issues, especially classification, diagnosis, and pathophysiology. Clinicians caring for psychiatric patients with catatonic syndromes continue to face many dilemmas in diagnosis and treatment. We discuss many of the common problems encountered in the care of a catatonic patient, and discuss each problem with a review of the literature. Focus is on practical aspects of classification, epidemiology, differential diagnosis, treatment, medical comorbidity, cognition, emotion, prognosis, and areas for future research in catatonic syndromes
Multi-messenger observations of a binary neutron star merger
On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of ~1.7 s with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg2 at a luminosity distance of 40+8-8 Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 Mo. An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at ~40 Mpc) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One- Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over ~10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transientâs position ~9 and ~16 days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta
Rethinking Policy âImpactâ:Four Models of Research-Policy Relations
Abstract Political scientists are increasingly exhorted to ensure their research has policy âimpactâ, most notably via Research Excellence Framework (REF) impact case studies, and âpathways to impactâ statements in UK Research Council funding applications. Yet the assumptions underpinning these frameworks often fail to reflect available evidence and theories. Notions of âimpactâ, âengagementâ and âknowledge exchangeâ are typically premised on simplistic, linear models of the policy process, according to which policy-makers are keen to âutiliseâ expertise to produce more âeffectiveâ policies. Such accounts overlook the rich body of literature in political science, policy studies, and sociology of knowledge, which offer more complex and nuanced accounts. Drawing on this wider literature, this paper sets out four different approaches to theorising the relationship: (1) knowledge shapes policy; (2) politics shapes knowledge; (3) co-production; and (4) autonomous spheres. We consider what each of these four approaches suggests about approaches to incentivising and measuring research impact
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A combination of the immunohistochemical markers CK7 and SATB2 is highly sensitive and specific for distinguishing primary ovarian mucinous tumors from colorectal and appendiceal metastases
This study is supported by research funds from Cancer Research Society of Canada (19319). NSM is supported by the NSW Ministry of Health and UNSW Sydney under the NSW Health PhD Scholarship Program, and the Translational Cancer Research Network, a translational cancer research center program funded by the Cancer Institute NSW. The Gynaecological Oncology Biobank at Westmead was funded by Cancer Institute NSW (12/RIG/1â17 and 15/RIG/1â16) and the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (ID310670, ID628903). FM is funded by University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Dean's Faculty Advancement Award. The HOPE study is funded by: US National Cancer Institute (K07-CA80668, P50-CA159981, R01CA095023), US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (DAMD17â02â1â0669) and NIH/National Center for Research Resources/General Clinical Research Center (MO1- RR000056). KS is funded by the Swedish Cancer foundation. The Generations Study thank Breast Cancer Now, the Institute of Cancer Research and Ovarian Cancer Action for support and funding. The ICR acknowledge NHS funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. Tissue samples for GER were provided by the tissue bank of the National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT, Heidelberg, Germany) in accordance with the regulations of the tissue bank and the approval of the ethics committee of the University of Heidelberg. The Health Science Alliance (HSA) Biobank acknowledges the UNSW Biorepository, UNSW Sydney, Australia. We thank Shuhong Liu, Young Ou, and Deon Richards for immunohistochemical stains, and Thomas Kryton, BFA, digital imaging specialist for Alberta Public Lab for creating the figures. We especially thank all the study participants, health care staff and data providers internationally who have made this research possible
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