Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Mielopatia associada ao vírus linfotrópico humanode células T do tipo 1 (HTLV-1) Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1(HTLV-1) - associated myelopathy

A mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1 (HAM), também conhecida como paraparesia espástica tropical (TSP), é uma doença desmielinizante crônica progressiva que afeta a medula espinal e a substância branca do cérebro. Menos de 5% dos portadores crônicos do HTLV-1 desenvolverão essa complicação. As primeiras manifestações da doença ocorrem na quarta década da vida e observa-se relação mulher/homem de 2:1. Os distúrbios da marcha, a fraqueza e o enrijecimento dos membros inferiores constituem os principais sinais e sintomas de apresentação da mielopatia. As extremidades inferiores são afetadas com maior intensidade do que as extremidades superiores. A espasticidade pode variar de moderada a intensa e a dor lombar baixa revela-se comum. Com a progressão da doença há, com freqüência, disfunção vesical e intestinal. O envolvimento sensitivo mostra-se discreto e manifesta-se com graus variados de perdas sensitivas e sensação de disestesia. A ressonância nuclear magnética do sistema nervoso pode resultar normal ou revelar atrofia da medula espinal e alterações inespecíficas no cérebro. Há evidências de envolvimento imunológico na gênese da lesão medular. Não há tratamento eficaz para a mielopatia. Os corticoesteróides e o interferon-a produziram benefícios transitórios no tratamento da doença. Não houve melhora da marcha e da disfunção vesical em pacientes que usaram o danazol, um esteróide anabolizante. O valor da zidovudina (anti-retroviral) no tratamento da mielopatia ainda não se encontra definido.<br>HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM), also known as tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP), is a chronic progressive demyelinating disease that affects the spinal cord and white matter of the central nervous system. The lifetime incidence of HAM in HTLV-1 carriers is estimated to be less than 5%. Typical time of onset is in the fourth decade of life, with a female-to-male rate of 2:1. Gait disturbance and weakness and stiffness of the lower limbs are common presenting signs and symptoms of HAM. Lower extremities are affected to a much greater degree than upper extremities. Spasticity may be moderate to severe, and lower back pain is common. As the disease progresses, bladder and bowel dysfunction can occur. Sensory involvement is generally mild and can result in a variable degree of sensory loss and dysesthesia. Results of magnetic resonance imaging may be normal, or the scans show atrophy of the spinal cord and nonspecific lesions in the brain. Immunologic evidence suggests that an immune mechanism may play a role in the development of HAM. There is no effective treatment for the myelopathy. Corticosteroids, and INF-gamma may produce transient responses. Danazol, an anabolic steroid, does not improve gait and bladder function. The value of zidovudine (anti-retroviral agent) in the treatment has not been defined yet

Proposal for diagnostic criteria of tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM).

After the first description of TSP/HAM in 1985 and the elaboration of WHO's diagnostic criteria in 1988, the experience of the professionals in this field has increased so that a critical reappraisal of these diagnostic guidelines was considered timely. Brazilian neurologists and observers from other countries met recently to discuss and propose a modified model for diagnosing TSP/HAM with levels of ascertainment as definite, probable, and possible, according to myelopathic symptoms, serological findings, and/or detection of HTLV-I DNA and exclusion of other disorders

Proposal for diagnostic criteria of tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-I- associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM)

After the first description of TSP/HAM in 1985 and the elaboration of WHO's diagnostic criteria in 1988, the experience of the professionals in this field has increased so that a critical reappraisal of these diagnostic guidelines was considered timely. Brazilian neurologists and observers from other countries met recently to discuss and propose a modified model for diagnosing TSP/HAM with levels of ascertainment as definite, probable, and possible, according to myelopathic symptoms, serological findings, and/or detection of HTLV-IDNA and exclusion of other disorders. © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc