Caractéristiques Structurales Et Importances Socioéconomiques De Parkia Biglobosa (JACQ.) R. BR. Ex G. Don Dans Les Communes De Bohicon Et D’Abomey Au Bénin

          Le néré, Parkia biglobosa est une espèce polyvalente reconnue pour ses utilités socioéconomiques et environnementales. L’objectif de l’étude est d’analyser les caractéristiques structurales et importances socio-économiques de l’espèce dans les Communes de Bohicon et d’Abomey au Bénin. L’étude a été réalisée dans les villages de :  Détohou, Zounzonmè dans la commune d’Abomey et Saclo, Kpatalocoli et Lissazounmè dans Bohicon. L’approche méthodologique a consisté en des enquêtes ethnobotaniques et inventaires dans les systèmes de production de Parkia biglobosa. Les entretiens structurés ont concerné un échantillon de 185 ménages constitués de 70 exploitants agricoles, 53 commerçants, 40 consommateurs et 22 personnes ressources, soit 10 % du nombre total de ménages de chacun des cinq villages. Les entretiens semi structurés ont été réalisés avec les chefs de village, des tradipraticiens et le service des Eaux et Forêts. Le nombre d’informateurs (NI) mentionnant l’espèce pour n’importe quel usage et la Valeur d’Usage (VU) ethnobotanique ont été utilisés pour estimer l’importance socio-économique de Parkia biglobosa. L’ensemble des placeaux a été installé dans les savanes arborées, arbustives, les champs, les jachères et les zones périurbaines. Les placeaux ont été installés lorsqu’au moins un individu de Parkia biglobosa était présent et une distance d’au moins 50 m a été observée entre deux placeaux consécutifs. Les résultats ont révélé que, le diamètre moyen des arbres a été plus élevé dans les zones périurbaines et la surface terrière dans les champs. La distribution verticale et horizontale de l’espèce était partout en cloche, suggérant une prédominance de jeunes pieds. Tous les organes sont exploités à des fins alimentaires, médicinales, commerciales, bois d’énergie, fertilisation du sol et artisanales. Toutefois, le prélèvement des organes, l’abattage des arbres et l’utilisation du bois de feu constituent des menaces pour l’espèce. Le néré a une faible densité dans toutes les formations, soit en moyenne 5 pieds dans les champs, 2 pieds dans les savanes arborées. La plantation à grande échelle de l’espèce doit être encouragée au regard de ses avantages socioéconomiques et écologiques.   The nere, Parkia biglobosa is a versatile species recognized for its socio-economic and environmental utility. The objective of the study is to analyze the structural characteristics and socio-economic importance of the species in the Communes of Bohicon and Abomey in Benin. The study was carried out in the villages of: Détohou, Zounzonmè in the municipality of Abomey and Saclo, Kpatalocoli and Lissazounmè in Bohicon. The methodological approach consisted of ethnobotanical surveys and inventories in Parkia biglobosa production systems. The structured interviews involved a sample of 185 households made up of 70 farmers, 53 traders, 40 consumers and 22 resource persons, i.e. 10% of the total number of households in each of the five villages. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with village chiefs, traditional healers and the Water and Forest Service. The number of informants (NI) mentioning the species for any use and the ethnobotanical Use Value (VU) were used to estimate the socio-economic importance of Parkia biglobosa. All plots were installed in wooded and shrubby savannahs, fields, fallow land and the peri-urban areas. The plots were installed when at least one individual of Parkia biglobosa was present and a distance of at least 50 m was observed between two consecutive plots. The results revealed that the average diameter of trees was higher in peri-urban areas and the basal area in fields. The vertical and horizontal distribution of the species was generally bell-shaped, suggesting a predominance of young feet. All the organs are exploited for food, medicinal, commercial, energy wood, soil fertilization and artisanal purposes. However, the removal of organs, the felling of trees and the use of firewood pose threats to the species. The nere has a low density in all formations, an average of 5 feet in the fields, 2 feet in the wooded savannas. Large-scale planting of the species should be encouraged in view of its socio-economic and ecological benefits

Caractéristiques Structurales Et Importances Socioéconomiques De Parkia Biglobosa (JACQ.) R. BR. Ex G. Don Dans Les Communes De Bohicon Et D’Abomey Au Benin

Résumé          Le néré (Parkia biglobosa) est une espèce polyvalente reconnue pour ses utilités socioéconomiques et environnementales. L’objectif de l’étude était d’analyser les caractéristiques structurales et les importances socioéconomiques de l’espèce dans les Communes de Bohicon et d’Abomey au Bénin. Une enquête auprès de 185 personnes, composés des différents groupes socioprofessionnels a été réalisée avec des questionnaires semi-structurés. Pour étudier les caractéristiques des structures, des placeaux de 1ha distant de 50 m ont été installés, soit 72 placeaux au total. Les résultats ont révélé que, le diamètre moyen des arbres a été plus élevé dans les zones périurbaines et la surface terrière dans les champs. La distribution verticale et horizontale de l’espèce était partout en cloche, suggérant une prédominance de jeunes pieds. La population avait une bonne connaissance de l’espèce et tous les organes étaient exploités à des fins alimentaires, médicinales et commerciales. A contrario, le prélèvement des organes, l’abattage des arbres et l’utilisation du bois de feu constituent des menaces. Le néré a une faible densité dans toutes les formations, soit en moyenne 5 pieds dans les champs, 2 pieds dans les savanes arborées. La plantation à grande échelle doit être encouragée pour le bien-être de la population et la conservation durable. Abstract          The nere (Parkia biglobosa) is a versatile species recognized for its socioeconomic and environmental uses. The objective of the study was to analyze the structural characteristics and socioeconomic importance of the species in the Communes of Bohicon and Abomey in Benin. A survey of 185 people, made up of different socio-professional groups was carried out using semi-structured questionnaires. To study the characteristics of the structures, plots of 1 ha 50 m apart were installed, ie 72 plots in total. The results revealed that the average tree diameter was higher in peri-urban areas and the basal area in fields. The vertical and horizontal distribution of the species was bell-shaped throughout, suggesting a predominance of young feet. The population had a good knowledge of the species and all organs were exploited for food, medicinal and commercial purposes. Conversely, organ harvesting, tree felling and the use of fuelwood are threats. The nere has a low density in all the formations that is to say on average 5 feet in the fields, 2 feet in the wooded savannas. Large-scale planting should be encouraged for the well-being of the people and sustainable conservation

Volatiles from Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) host plants influence olfactory responses of the parasitoid Therophilus javanus (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Agathidinae)

Open Access Article; Published online: 9 Nov 2018.Plants damaged by herbivores are known to release odors attracting parasitoids. However, there is currently no information how leguminous plants damaged by the pod borer Maruca vitrata attract the exotic larval parasitoid Therophilus javanus, which was imported into Benin from the putative area of origin of the pod borer in tropical Asia for assessing its potential as a biological control agent. In this study, we used Y-tube olfactometer bioassays to investigate T. javanus response towards odors emitted by four M. vitrata-damaged host plants: cowpea Vigna unguiculata, the most important cultivated host, and the naturally occurring legumes Lonchocarpus sericeus, Sesbania rostrata and Tephrosia platycarpa. Olfactory attraction of T. javanus was influenced by the species of plant damaged by the pod borer. Moreover, odors released from M. vitrata-infested host plant organs (flowers and pods) were discriminated over non-infested organs in cowpea and T. platycarpa, respectively. These results are discussed in the context of the possible impact of M. vitrata host plants on T. javanus foraging activity and subsequent establishment in natural environments following experimental releases

Insecticide resistance status in Anopheles gambiae in southern Benin

BACKGROUND: The emergence of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae has become a serious concern to the future success of malaria control. In Benin, the National Malaria Control Programme has recently planned to scaling up long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) for malaria prevention. It is, therefore, crucial to monitor the level and type of insecticide resistance in An. gambiae, particularly in southern Benin where reduced efficacy of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and IRS has previously been reported. METHODS: The protocol was based on mosquito collection during both dry and rainy seasons across forty districts selected in southern Benin. Bioassay were performed on adults collected from the field to assess the susceptibility of malaria vectors to insecticide-impregnated papers (permethrin 0.75%, delthamethrin 0.05%, DDT 4%, and bendiocarb 0.1%) following WHOPES guidelines. The species within An. gambiae complex, molecular form and presence of kdr and ace-1 mutations were determined by PCR. RESULTS: Strong resistance to permethrin and DDT was found in An. gambiae populations from southern Benin, except in Aglangandan where mosquitoes were fully susceptible (mortality 100%) to all insecticides tested. PCR showed the presence of two sub-species of An. gambiae, namely An. gambiae s.s, and Anopheles melas, with a predominance for An. gambiae s.s (98%). The molecular M form of An. gambiae was predominant in southern Benin (97%). The kdr mutation was detected in all districts at various frequency (1% to 95%) whereas the Ace-1 mutation was found at a very low frequency (<or= 5%). CONCLUSION: This study showed a widespread resistance to permethrin in An. gambiae populations from southern Benin, with a significant increase of kdr frequency compared to what was observed previously in Benin. The low frequency of Ace-1 recorded in all populations is encouraging for the use of bendiocarb as an alternative insecticide to pyrethroids for IRS in Benin

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p&lt;0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p&lt;0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised

Mortality of emergency abdominal surgery in high-, middle- and low-income countries

Background: Surgical mortality data are collected routinely in high-income countries, yet virtually no low- or middle-income countries have outcome surveillance in place. The aim was prospectively to collect worldwide mortality data following emergency abdominal surgery, comparing findings across countries with a low, middle or high Human Development Index (HDI). Methods: This was a prospective, multicentre, cohort study. Self-selected hospitals performing emergency surgery submitted prespecified data for consecutive patients from at least one 2-week interval during July to December 2014. Postoperative mortality was analysed by hierarchical multivariable logistic regression. Results: Data were obtained for 10 745 patients from 357 centres in 58 countries; 6538 were from high-, 2889 from middle- and 1318 from low-HDI settings. The overall mortality rate was 1⋅6 per cent at 24 h (high 1⋅1 per cent, middle 1⋅9 per cent, low 3⋅4 per cent; P < 0⋅001), increasing to 5⋅4 per cent by 30 days (high 4⋅5 per cent, middle 6⋅0 per cent, low 8⋅6 per cent; P < 0⋅001). Of the 578 patients who died, 404 (69⋅9 per cent) did so between 24 h and 30 days following surgery (high 74⋅2 per cent, middle 68⋅8 per cent, low 60⋅5 per cent). After adjustment, 30-day mortality remained higher in middle-income (odds ratio (OR) 2⋅78, 95 per cent c.i. 1⋅84 to 4⋅20) and low-income (OR 2⋅97, 1⋅84 to 4⋅81) countries. Surgical safety checklist use was less frequent in low- and middle-income countries, but when used was associated with reduced mortality at 30 days. Conclusion: Mortality is three times higher in low- compared with high-HDI countries even when adjusted for prognostic factors. Patient safety factors may have an important role. Registration number: NCT02179112 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)

Caractéristiques Structurales Et Importances Socioéconomiques De Parkia Biglobosa (JACQ.) R. BR. Ex G. Don Dans Les Communes De Bohicon Et D’Abomey Au Benin

Résumé &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Le néré (Parkia biglobosa) est une espèce polyvalente reconnue pour ses utilités socioéconomiques et environnementales. L’objectif de l’étude était d’analyser les caractéristiques structurales et les importances socioéconomiques de l’espèce dans les Communes de Bohicon et d’Abomey au Bénin. Une enquête auprès de 185 personnes, composés des différents groupes socioprofessionnels a été réalisée avec des questionnaires semi-structurés. Pour étudier les caractéristiques des structures, des placeaux de 1ha distant de 50 m ont été installés, soit 72 placeaux au total. Les résultats ont révélé que, le diamètre moyen des arbres a été plus élevé dans les zones périurbaines et la surface terrière dans les champs. La distribution verticale et horizontale de l’espèce était partout en cloche, suggérant une prédominance de jeunes pieds. La population avait une bonne connaissance de l’espèce et tous les organes étaient exploités à des fins alimentaires, médicinales et commerciales. A contrario, le prélèvement des organes, l’abattage des arbres et l’utilisation du bois de feu constituent des menaces. Le néré a une faible densité dans toutes les formations, soit en moyenne 5 pieds dans les champs, 2 pieds dans les savanes arborées. La plantation à grande échelle doit être encouragée pour le bien-être de la population et la conservation durable. Abstract &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The nere (Parkia biglobosa) is a versatile species recognized for its socioeconomic and environmental uses. The objective of the study was to analyze the structural characteristics and socioeconomic importance of the species in the Communes of Bohicon and Abomey in Benin. A survey of 185 people, made up of different socio-professional groups was carried out using semi-structured questionnaires. To study the characteristics of the structures, plots of 1 ha 50 m apart were installed, ie 72 plots in total. The results revealed that the average tree diameter was higher in peri-urban areas and the basal area in fields. The vertical and horizontal distribution of the species was bell-shaped throughout, suggesting a predominance of young feet. The population had a good knowledge of the species and all organs were exploited for food, medicinal and commercial purposes. Conversely, organ harvesting, tree felling and the use of fuelwood are threats. The nere has a low density in all the formations that is to say on average 5 feet in the fields, 2 feet in the wooded savannas. Large-scale planting should be encouraged for the well-being of the people and sustainable conservation

Volatiles from Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) host plants influence olfactory responses of the parasitoid Therophilus javanus (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Agathidinae)

Plants damaged by herbivores are known to release odors attracting parasitoids. However, there is currently no information how leguminous plants damaged by the pod borer Maruca vitrata attract the exotic larval parasitoid Therophilus javanus, which was imported into Benin from the putative area of origin of the pod borer in tropical Asia for assessing its potential as a biological control agent. In this study, we used Y-tube olfactometer bioassays to investigate T. javanus response towards odors emitted by four M. vitrata-damaged host plants: cowpea Vigna unguiculata, the most important cultivated host, and the naturally occurring legumes Lonchocarpus sericeus, Sesbania rostrata and Tephrosia platycarpa. Olfactory attraction of T. javanus was influenced by the species of plant damaged by the pod borer. Moreover, odors released from M. vitrata-infested host plant organs (flowers and pods) were discriminated over non-infested organs in cowpea and T. platycarpa, respectively. These results are discussed in the context of the possible impact of M. vitrata host plants on T. javanus foraging activity and subsequent establishment in natural environments following experimental releases

A multi-biomarker assessment of chronic effects of an insecticide Acer 35 EC on Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus under laboratory conditions

International audienceAcer 35EC is an insecticide (20 g/L lambda-cyhalothrin + 15 g/L acetamipride) widely used in pest control in many West African countries, and particularly in cotton culture in north Benin. This study aimed to investigate under laboratory conditions the chronic effects of Acer 35EC on Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus using a multi-biomarker approach. For this purpose, juveniles of Nile tilapia were exposed to sublethal concentrations of Acer 35 EC (0, 1 and 10% of LC50- 96 h value) in glass aquariums during 56 days. After 0, 28 and 56 days of exposure, several biomarkers including enzymatic activities (indicators of detoxification and oxidative stress, neurotoxicity and immune responses) sex steroid hormones (Testosterone, Estradiol-17β and 11-Keto-testosterone) and histological alterations of liver, kidney and gonads were measured in males and females. A biomarker index (BI) was calculated based on the Integrated Biological Responses (IBR) developed by Beliaeff and Burgeot (2002). The results showed that Acer 35EC reduced cholinesterase activity in muscle of treated fish of both sexes. Females displayed high levels of testosterone and 11-Keto-testosterone after 56 days of exposure. Regarding immune biomarkers, intracellular superoxide anion production decreased in both sexes after 56 days of exposure. Oxidative stress biomarkers were not influenced by Acer-35EC exposure, regardless of sex and concentration. However, liver of females exposed to 1 and 10% of LC50- 96 h value was significantly (p < 0.05) affected after 28 and 56 days of exposure, while no histological differences were recorded in kidney between control and exposed fish. After 28 and 56 days of exposure, significant differences in the ovarian development were observed as the diameter of vitellogenic oocytes in exposed females differed from the one of the control females, indicating an increase in oocyte growth during the 1st month of exposure to Acer-35EC, followed by a regression during the 2nd exposure period. No differences were recorded in male gonads. Based on a large set of biomarkers, the insecticide Acer-35EC seems to impair different physiological functions in Nile tilapia juveniles on a time-dependent manner, with a stronger impact on females than in males