Acculturation et dénomination des langues africaines

Nombreuses sont les langues africaines qui, à l’heure actuelle, connaissent deux dénominations, l’une donnée par le colonisateur européen, l’autre, plus récemment, par les langagiers. Tandis que la première paraît étrangère en raison du processus de transcription, la seconde se veut authentique et fait appel aux ressources de la langue elle-même. L’étude présente cet état de fait pour trois langues d’Afrique de l’Ouest et montre que ces dénominations ne tiennent pas compte du nom de la langue en usage dans la langue elle-même, qu’elles sont des abus de langage et qu’elles résultent, en fait, d’une imposition, à la langue, de la culture du colonisateur ou de celle des langagiers.At the present time, several African languages have two names, the first one being given by the european colonizer, the other one, more recently, by language professionals and researchers. The first denomination looks foreign due to the transcription process, the second is intended to be authentic. This study analyses such a situation for three West African languages and shows that the names used in the languages themselves have been ignored. In fact, the denominations of both types have been imposed by the culture of the colonizer and by that of the linguists

Enhanced Bandwidth of Band Pass Filter Using a Defected Microstrip Structure for Wideband Applications

In this paper, the bandwidth enhancement of bandpass filter (BPF) is proposed by utilizing defected microstrip structure (DMS). The initial micro strip BPF which is designed to have the bandwidth 1GHz with the center frequency of 3.5GHz is deployed on FR4 Epoxy dielectric substrate with overall size and thickness of 14mm x 24mm and 1.6mm, respectively. The proposed filter consists of two parallel coupled lines centred by ring-shaped, to enhance the bandwidth response, an attempt is carried out by applying DMS on the ligne center with a ring-shaped of initial filter. Here, the proposed DMS is constructed of the arrowhead dumbbell. Some parametrical studies to the DMS such as changing to obtain the optimum geometry of DMS with the desired bandwidth response. From the characterization result, it shows that the utilization of DMS on to the microstrip ligne of filter has widened 3dB bandwidth response up to 1.8GHz ranges from 2.55GHz to 4.35GHz yielding an enhanced wideband response for various wideband wireless applications

Multiband Planar Inverted-F Antenna with Independent Operating Bands Control for Mobile Handset Applications

A new compact multiband PIFA (Planar Inverted-F Antenna) for mobile handset is proposed in this article. The proposed PIFA has a simple geometry with four slots integrated in the radiating patch and ground plane. The PIFA occupies a small volume of 51 × 14 × 7.2 mm3 and is placed on the top portion of mobile phone. The optimized PIFA is worked in the 790 MHz band (737–831 MHz), the 1870 MHz band (1794–1977 MHz), the 2550 MHz band (2507–2615 MHz), and the 3400 MHz band (3341–3545 MHz), to cover LTE700, LTE800, DCS1800, PCS1900, LTE1800, LTE1900, LTE2500, and WIMAX3400 bands. Each of the four operating bands can be controlled independently by the variation of a single parameter of the proposed design, with a wide control range. An omnidirectional radiation pattern to each resonant frequency is obtained with a maximum gain of 2.15 dBi at 790 MHz, 3.99 dBi at 1870 MHz, 4.57 dBi at 2550 MHz, and 6.43 dBi at 3400 MHz. The proposed PIFA is studied in the free space and in the presence of other mobile phone components such as the battery, LCD (liquid crystal display), camera, microphone, speaker, buttons, and a plastic housing. The distribution of specific absorption rate for both European and American standards for each operating band and at various distances between the antenna and the human head is also studied

Glycosylated notch and cancer

Glycosylation is one of the key components influencing several signaling pathways implicated in cell survival and growth. The Notch signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in numerous cell fate specifications during metazoan development. Both Notch and its ligands are repeatedly glycosylated by the addition of sugar moieties, such as O-fucose, O-glucose, or O-xylose, to bring about structural and functional changes. Disruption to glycosylation processes of Notch proteins result in developmental disorders and disease, including cancer. This review summarizes the importance and recent updates on the role of glycosylated Notch proteins in tumorigenesis and tumor metastasis

African Linguistics in Central and Eastern Europe, and in the Nordic Countries

Non peer reviewe

Intelligent Traffic System: Road Networks with Time-Weighted Graphs

Abstrac