Made in Occupied Japan

Au Japon, le design industriel apparaît entre 1945 et 1955. Sa genèse est constitutive de celle des biens de consommation modernes/occidentalisés, dont le secteur industriel éclot à la fin des années 1940. Le processus fondateur s’ancre dans l’occupation de l’archipel par les forces alliées. À partir de sources d’époque et des analyses de spécialistes japonais, l’article en éclaire les modalités, jusqu’à l’intégration du mass production system américain comme ressort de la compétitivité industrielle japonaise au cours des décennies suivantes. Pendant l’occupation, c’est sous la direction d’ingénieurs américains, et à l’occasion de la conception de logements destinés aux troupes d’occupation aux standards de la middle class américaine, que, non seulement des ingénieurs japonais se forment aux techniques de pointe du design industriel, mais aussi que l’industrie japonaise s’initie à la fabrication en grande série standardisée. Dernière étape du processus : la constitution d’un marché, national cette fois, des nouveaux biens de consommation, fruit des campagnes de propagande pour l’american way of life. L’occupation a rassemblé les conditions du décollage de l’industrie du design japonais, et, avec elle, de l’industrie des biens de consommation « à l’américaine ».Japanese industrial design appeared between 1945 and 1955. Its genesis is linked to that of the modern/Westernized consumer goods, an industrial sector which blossomed in the late 1940s. Its founding process stems from the occupation of the archipelago by the Allied Forces. Based on contemporary sources and analyses by Japanese specialists, this article highlights the steps of that process, up to the integration of the American mass producing system used as the model for Japanese industrial competitiveness over the following decades. During the occupation, Japanese engineers undergo training under the direction of American engineers, as they design housing for occupation troops, which must meet the standards of the American middle-class. These Japanese engineers are trained to the state-of-the-art techniques of industrial design, all the while the Japanese industry starts resorting to large-scale standardized manufacturing. The last stage of the process is the establishment of a market for consumer goods, but a national one this time, a natural outcome of the propaganda campaigns for the American way of life. The occupation offered the right conditions for the Japanese design industry to take off, bringing in its stead the industry of “American-style” consumer goods

Croissance du tube pollinique chez Papaver rhoeas : de nouveaux rôles pour le cytosquelette

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Sympathetic Nerve Reconstruction for Compensatory Hyperhidrosis after Sympathetic Surgery for Primary Hyperhidrosis

We performed sympathetic nerve reconstruction using intercostal nerve in patients with severe compensatory hyperhidrosis after sympathetic surgery for primary hyperhidrosis, and analyzed the surgical results. From February 2004 to August 2007, sympathetic nerve reconstruction using intercostal nerve was performed in 19 patients. The subjected patients presented severe compensatory hyperhidrosis after thoracoscopic sympathetic surgery for primary hyperhidrosis. Reconstruction of sympathetic nerve was performed by thoracoscopic surgery except in 1 patient with severe pleural adhesion. The median interval between the initial sympathetic surgery and sympathetic nerve reconstruction was 47.2 (range: 3.5-110.7) months. Compensatory sweating after the reconstruction surgery improved in 9 patients, and 3 out of them had markedly improved symptoms. Sympathetic nerve reconstruction using intercostal nerve may be one of the useful surgical options for severe compensatory hyperhidrosis following sympathetic surgery for primary hyperhidrosis

Branching patterns and variations of the bronchus and blood vessels in the superior segment of the right lower lobe: a three-dimensional computed tomographic bronchography and angiography study

Background: Superior segmentectomy is classified as simple due to the single intersegmental plane between the superior and basal segments. However, oncological outcomes in patients undergoing superior segmentectomy tend to be worse compared to those receiving other segmentectomy. The aim of this study is to determine the branching patterns and variations of the bronchus and blood vessels of the superior segment of the right lower lobe (RS6). Methods: Three-dimensional computed tomographic bronchography and angiography (3D-CTBA) was reconstructed in 316 patients who underwent enhanced chest computed tomography (CT) and subsequent surgery in our center from November 2018 to March 2021. Results: The bronchus in RS6 consisted of a single stem in 96.5% cases (305/316), and 2 separate stems in the remaining 3.5% cases (11/316). The artery in RS6 consisted of a single stem in 59.5% cases (188/316), 2 separate stems in 37.0% cases (117/316), and 3 separate stems in the remaining 3.5% cases (11/316). The vein in RS6 consisted of a single stem in 94.3% cases (298/316) and 2 separate stems in the remaining 5.7% cases (18/316). B6 variation was noted in 1.6% cases (5/316). A6 variation was noted in 18.0% cases (57/316), including the following: (I) coexistence of A6 and A2 (n=25); (II) A6b originating from A9+10/A10 alone (n=20); (III) A6c originating from A9+10 (n=10); and (IV) co-draining of A6 and A7 (n=2). V6 variation was noted in 11.7% cases (37/316), including the following: (I) co-draining of V6 and V2 (n=20); (II) co-draining of V6 and V4 (n=5); (III) V6 and V8+9 co-draining (n=3); (IV) V6 draining into the superior pulmonary vein (n=4); and (V) direct V6 draining into the left atrium (n=5). Conclusions: Variation of A6 and V6 in RS6 is much more common than previously reported. 3D-CTBA reconstruction is useful for pre-surgery planning

Interventions for hyperhidrosis in secondary care : a systematic review and value-of-information analysis

Background: Hyperhidrosis is uncontrollable excessive sweating that occurs at rest, regardless of temperature. The symptoms of hyperhidrosis can significantly affect quality of life. The management of hyperhidrosis is uncertain and variable. Objective: To establish the expected value of undertaking additional research to determine the most effective interventions for the management of refractory primary hyperhidrosis in secondary care. Methods: A systematic review and economic model, including a value-of-information (VOI) analysis. Treatments to be prescribed by dermatologists and minor surgical treatments for hyperhidrosis of the hands, feet and axillae were reviewed; as endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy (ETS) is incontestably an end-of-line treatment, it was not reviewed further. Fifteen databases (e.g. CENTRAL, PubMed and PsycINFO), conference proceedings and trial registers were searched from inception to July 2016. Systematic review methods were followed. Pairwise meta-analyses were conducted for comparisons between botulinum toxin (BTX) injections and placebo for axillary hyperhidrosis, but otherwise, owing to evidence limitations, data were synthesised narratively. A decision-analytic model assessed the cost-effectiveness and VOI of five treatments (iontophoresis, medication, BTX, curettage, ETS) in 64 different sequences for axillary hyperhidrosis only. Results and conclusions: Fifty studies were included in the effectiveness review: 32 randomised controlled trials (RCTs), 17 non-RCTs and one large prospective case series. Most studies were small, rated as having a high risk of bias and poorly reported. The interventions assessed in the review were iontophoresis, BTX, anticholinergic medications, curettage and newer energy-based technologies that damage the sweat gland (e.g. laser, microwave). There is moderate-quality evidence of a large statistically significant effect of BTX on axillary hyperhidrosis symptoms, compared with placebo. There was weak but consistent evidence for iontophoresis for palmar hyperhidrosis. Evidence for other interventions was of low or very low quality. For axillary hyperhidrosis cost-effectiveness results indicated that iontophoresis, BTX, medication, curettage and ETS was the most cost-effective sequence (probability 0.8), with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of £9304 per quality-adjusted life-year. Uncertainty associated with study bias was not reflected in the economic results. Patients and clinicians attending an end-of-project workshop were satisfied with the sequence of treatments for axillary hyperhidrosis identified as being cost-effective. All patient advisors considered that the Hyperhidrosis Quality of Life Index was superior to other tools commonly used in hyperhidrosis research for assessing quality of life. Limitations: The evidence for the clinical effectiveness and safety of second-line treatments for primary hyperhidrosis is limited. This meant that there was insufficient evidence to draw conclusions for most interventions assessed and the cost-effectiveness analysis was restricted to hyperhidrosis of the axilla. Future work: Based on anecdotal evidence and inference from evidence for the axillae, participants agreed that a trial of BTX (with anaesthesia) compared with iontophoresis for palmar hyperhidrosis would be most useful. The VOI analysis indicates that further research into the effectiveness of existing medications might be worthwhile, but it is unclear that such trials are of clinical importance. Research that established a robust estimate of the annual incidence of axillary hyperhidrosis in the UK population would reduce the uncertainty in future VOI analyses

Effects of Additional Pleurodesis with Dextrose and Talc-Dextrose Solution after Video Assisted Thoracoscopic Procedures for Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax

Recurrence after thoracoscopic surgery for primary spontaneous pneumothorax is a lingering problem, and many intraoperative methods to induce pleural symphysis have been introduced. We analyzed the effects of chemical pleurodesis during thoracoscopic procedures. Between August 2003 and July 2005, 141 patients among indicated surgical treatment for primary spontaneous pneumothorax in two hospitals of our institution allowed this prospective study. The patients were randomly assigned to 3 groups: thoracoscopic procedure only (group A, n=50), thoracoscopic procedure and pleurodesis with dextrose solution (group B, n=49), and thoracoscopic procedure and pleurodesis with talc-dextrose mixed solution (group C, n=42). There was no significant difference in demographic data among the three groups. The two groups that underwent intraoperative pleurodesis had significantly longer postoperative hospital stays (A/B/C: 2.50±1.85/4.49±2.10/6.00±2.58 days; p=0.001) and a higher incidence of postoperative fever (A/B/C: 10.0/22.45/52.38%; χ2=21.598, p=0.00). No significant differences were found for recurrence rates or the number of postoperative days until chest tube removal. Therefore, the results of our study indicate that intraoperative chemical pleurodesis gives no additional advantage to surgery alone in deterring recurrence for patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Thus, the use of such scarifying agents in the operating room must be reconsidered