Phosphorus extractors for irrigated rice on soils under reactive phosphate fertilization

Os fosfatos naturais reativos têm sido utilizados como fonte alternativa de fósforo (P) à cultura de arroz irrigado no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O extrator Mehlich-1 é o método ofi cial de avaliação na disponibilidade de P em solos adubados com fonte solúveis, mas pode ser inadequado para solos adubados com fosfatos naturais, devido à possibilidade de dissolução excessiva das partículas de fosfatos naturais reativos por este extrator. Desenvolveu-se um experimento em casa de vegetação no Campus da PUC, RS, em Uruguaiana, no período de novembro a dezembro de 2009, com o objetivo de avaliar a disponibilidade de P em solos adubados com fosfato natural reativo, extraído pelo método da resina de troca aniônica (RTA), Mehlich-1 e Mehlich-3. Os solos foram previamente incubados com quatro doses de P (0; 9,82; 19,65 e 39,30 mg kg-1 de P) e cultivados com arroz irrigado durante 40 dias. Foram determinados os teores de P disponível extraído pelos diferentes extratores após o período de incubação. Durante o alagamento, foram analisados as concentrações de Fe, P e Ca e o pH na solução do solo. Após 40 dias de alagamento, foi avaliada a produção de matéria seca e a concentração de P na parte aérea das plantas. Os coefi cientes de determinação (r2 ) obtidos entre P acumulado pelas plantas de arroz e o P extraído foram: 0,84 para a Resina de troca iônica (RTA); 0,58 para o Mehlich-1 e 0,61 para o Mehlich-3. Dentre os métodos testados, o método da RTA foi mais efi ciente na extração de P do solo para avaliar a disponibilidade de P para a cultura de arroz irrigado em solos adubados com fosfatos naturais. A separação dos solos em grupos, segundo o material de origem e os teores de óxidos de ferro de baixa cristalinidade extraídos com oxalato a pH 6,0, resultou em melhor efi ciência de todos os métodos testados para avaliar a disponibilidade de P para o arroz irrigado em solo adubado com fosfato natural reativo.The reactive rock phosphates have been used as an alternative phosphorus (P) source for the irrigated rice culture in Rio Grande do Sul State. The extractor Mehlich-1 is used as the standard method for the assessment of the P availability. It can present satisfactory results when the fertilization of P in soil is carried out with a soluble source, but it can be inadequate for soils fertilized with rock phosphate, because of the possibility of dissolution of excessive reactive particles by this extractor. In order to evaluate the soil P availability in soils fertilized with rock phosphate, a greenhouse experiment on the campus of PUC, RS Uruguaiana in the period between September-October 2009 was carried out with four soils fertilized with four phosphate rates, where rice was cultivated for a 40 day period. The soil P availability was studied by the following extraction methods: anion exchange resin (AER), Mehlich-1 and Mehlich-3. The levels of available P extracted were assessed by different extractors after the incubation period. During the fl ooding, we analyzed the concentrations of Fe, Ca and P and the pH of the soil solution. After 40 days of fl ooding, the production of dry matter and P concentration were assessed in the plants’ shoots. The determination coeffi cients between the P accumulated by the plants and the content determined by the extraction methods were: 0.84 (anion exchange resin); 0.58 (Mehlich-1) and 0.61 (Mehlich-3). The results indicated that the anion exchange resin was more effective for predicting P availability for the irrigated rice culture in soil fertilized with rock phosphates. The separation of soils into groups according to the source material and the content of iron oxides of low crystallinity extracted with oxalate at pH 6.0, resulted in improved effi ciency of all tested methods to assess P availability for rice in soil fertilized with phosphate rock

Eficiência do fosfato natural para o arroz irrigado em solo do sul do Brasil

Phosphate rock efficiency to lowland rice was evaluated in a study that we tested: a) phosphorus sources (P): 1- triple superphosphate (TSP); 2-Phosphate rock (PR); and b) phosphorus rates: 0, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg kg-1. Rice variety EMBRAPA 7 "TAIM", was grown in a pot for thirty days. Soil solution pH values were similar between rates for the same source; however, the PR was superior to TSP in both soil solution sampling. The P concentrations in solution increased according to P rates. P amounts in the second soil solution sampling were similar between rates of the same source, but the differences were observed at P (TST) rate of 80 mg kg-1. Shoot dry matter increased with P rate and the 80 mg kg-1 P rate was superior in both sources. However, the TSP was superior to PR and this tendency was similar with the P in plant tissue and P uptake by plants. P in soil solution, P plant content, P uptake by plants and rice growth increased according to P applied in soil; PR showed high agronomic efficiency at rates over 40 mg kg-1 de P.Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência do fosfato natural na cultura do arroz irrigado, foi desenvolvido um experimento onde testou-se: a) fontes de fósforo(P) : 1- Superfosfato triplo (SFT); 2- Fosfato natural (FN); e b) Doses de P: 0, 10, 20, 40 e 80 mg kg-1. Arroz da cultivar EMBRAPA 7 "TAIM", foram cultivadas em vasos durante trinta dias. O pH na solução do solo não diferiu entre as doses na mesma fonte. O P na solução aumentou com o acréscimo das doses de P, porém na primeira coleta não diferiu entre as fontes. Na segunda coleta os teores de P foram similares nas diferentes doses para a mesma fonte, diferindo apenas no SFT na dose de 80 mg kg-1. A produção de matéria seca aumentou conforme a dose de P sendo que a dose de 80 mg kg-1 foi superior nas duas fontes. Os teores de P na solução do solo e na planta, a quantidade acumulada de P e a produção de matéria seca do arroz, aumentaram com o acréscimo das doses de P aplicadas ao solo; o fosfato natural apresentou alta eficiência agronômica a partir de doses equivalentes à 40 mg kg-1 de P

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Phosphorus forms and availability incultivated soils with flooded rice in the Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil

Os solos utilizados para a cultura de arroz irrigado no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul são oriundos de diferentes materiais de origem, os quais conferem diferentes características que afetam de forma diferenciada a disponibilidade do fósforo (P) para a cultura. As diferentes frações deste elemento nos solos podem, também, afetar a eficiência dos extratores. Com o objetivo de verificar essas diferenças, foram desenvolvidos quatro estudos. No primeiro, quantificaram-se os teores absolutos das formas de ferro (Fe) e de manganês (Mn) e a capacidade máxima de adsorção de fósforo (CMAP) em seis solos e sorção do P em quatro solos durante quatro períodos de alagamento. No segundo comparou-se, em cinco solos, a eficiência de extratores para avaliar a disponibilidade de P para o arroz. No terceiro, em cinco solos, avaliou-se o efeito das características eletroquímicas e químicas na disponibilidade de P e no último estudo, avaliou-se relação entre as frações de P obtidas por fracionamento e o P acumulado pelo arroz. Os solos oriundos de sedimento de basalto apresentaram maiores teores de Fe, conferindo maior CMAP do que os solos derivados de granito e arenito. Houve sorção de P a partir dos 15 dias de alagamento no solo oriundo de sedimento de granito, enquanto os solos oriundos de sedimento de basalto apresentaram sorção no intervalo de 5 a 15 dias. A separação dos solos em dois grupos segundo os teores de Fe de baixa cristalinidade, resultou em melhor eficiência dos métodos testados para avaliar a disponibilidade de P para o arroz. Os Planossolos apresentaram redução mais rápida do Fe com liberação do P adsorvido, quando comparados aos solos oriundos de sedimento de basalto. Os teores de P acumulado pelas plantas foram associados com as frações de P Resina; Pi, Po NaHCO3 e Pi NaOH 0,1M.Soils used for the culture of flooded rice in the Rio Grande do Sul State are originated of different parent materials, resulting in different characteristics that affect the availability of phosphorus (P) for the culture. The different fractions of this element in the soils can affect the extractors efficiency. With the objective to verify these differences, four studies were carried. In the first, were determined iron (Fe) and of manganese (Mn) oxides and adsorption maxim capacity (MACP) in six soils and sorption of P in four soils for four flooding periods. In the second, were compared the extractors efficiency to evaluate the P availability to the rice in five soils. In third, the effect of the electrochemical and chemical characteristics in P availability was evaluated in five soils. In the last study, was evaluated the relationship between the P fractions obtained by the fractionation and the P accumulated by rice. The soils derived from basalt sediment presented the greatest iron forms absolute content, resulting in higher MACP than soils derived from granite and sandstone. In the soil derived from granite sediment occurred sorption from the 15° day of the flood, while in the soils derived from sediment basalt occurred sorption in the interval of 5 to 15 flooding days. The separation of soils in two groups according to the low crystalline iron oxides resulted in better efficiency of the tested methods to evaluate the availability of P to rice. The Planosols presented faster iron reduction with release of the adsorbed Fe-P, when compared with basaltic derivated soils. The P accumulated by plants were associates with the fractions of phosphorus Resin; Pi, Po NaHCO3 and Pi NaOH 0,1M

Phosphorus concentration changes in soils under flooded rice in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Os solos utilizados para a cultura de arroz irrigado por alagamento no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul são oriundos de diferentes materiais de origem, os quais conferem diferentes características mineralógicas e químicas, que alteram de forma diferenciada a disponibilidade de P para a cultura. Com o objetivo de verificar essas diferenças na disponibilidade de P para o arroz em solos oriundos de diferentes materiais de origem, conduziu-se um experimento fatorial, delineado em blocos ao acaso, em que cinco solos foram submetidos à ausência ou presença de superfosfato triplo. Os solos derivados de sedimentos de arenito e granito (Planossolos) apresentaram redução mais rápida do Fe com liberação do P adsorvido, quando comparados aos solos derivados de sedimento de basalto. Os Planossolos apresentaram maior quantidade de P acumulado no arroz que o Vertissolo e Chernossolo, sem ou com a adição de superfosfato triplo. A adição de superfosfato triplo resultou em maior quantidade de P acumulado na planta para todos os solos.Soils used for production of flooded rice in the state of Rio Grande do Sul are originated from different parent materials, resulting in different characteristics that affect P availability for the crop. The aim of this paper was to verify the differences in P availability for rice in soils originated from different parent materials. The experiment was carried out in a complete randomized block design, where five soils were exposed to absence or presence of triple superphosphate. In the soils derived from sandstone and granite sediment a faster Fe reduction and release of adsorbed P was observed than in soils originated from basalt. The amount of accumulated P in rice was higher in the Planosol than the Vertisol and Mollisol, with and without triple superphosphate application. Triple superphosphate fertilization resulted in greater amounts of P accumulated in all soils

Phosphorus availability in soils with flooded rice in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Nos solos cultivados com arroz irrigado por alagamento no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, a maior fração do P inorgânico está ligada a óxidos de Fe. Espera-se que um extrator que tenha a capacidade de extrair o P adsorvido a estes óxidos possa ser mais eficiente para avaliar a disponibilidade de P para as plantas de arroz. Considerando o exposto, realizou-se um experimento, em casa de vegetação, com amostras de cinco solos do Rio Grande do Sul com o objetivo de avaliar a disponibilidade de P no solo para o arroz. Foram testados os seguintes métodos: Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3, resina de troca aniônica em lâminas, Olsen e P-oxalato a pH 6. Os solos foram previamente incubados com três doses de P na forma de superfosfato triplo e, posteriormente, cultivados com arroz, em condições reduzidas, durante 38 dias. Os coeficientes de determinação obtidos entre o P acumulado pelas plantas de arroz e o P extraído dos solos foram: 0,83* para o Mehlich-1, 0,81* para o Mehlich-3, 0,88* para a resina de troca, 0,85* para o Olsen e 0,59* para o P-oxalato. A separação dos solos em dois grupos segundo o material de origem e os teores de óxidos de Fe de baixa cristalinidade, extraídos com oxalato a pH 6, resultou em melhor eficiência dos métodos testados para avaliar a disponibilidade do P para o arroz.In the paddy rice soils in the of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, most inorganic P is bound to Fe oxides. It is expected that an extractant that has the capacity to extract P adsorbed to these oxides would be more efficient to evaluate the availabil-ity to rice plants. A study was carried out in a greenhouse, with five soils samples from the State of Rio Grande do Sul, to evaluate P availability to rice, extracted by the following methods: Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3, anion exchange resin, Olsen and P-oxalate. The soils were first incubated with three doses of triple superphosphate and then planted with rice, in under anaerobic conditions, during 38 days. The determination coefficient between P uptake by rice plants and soil-extracted P was: 0.83* for Mehlich-1, 0.81* for Mehlich-3, 0.88* for anion exchange resin, 0.85* for Olsen and 0.59* for P-oxalate. The efficiency of the tested methods to evaluate the availability of P to rice was improved by the separation of soils in two groups, according to the origin and contents of low-crystalline Fe oxides, extracted with oxalate at pH 6

Phosphorus concentration changes in soils under flooded rice in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Os solos utilizados para a cultura de arroz irrigado por alagamento no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul são oriundos de diferentes materiais de origem, os quais conferem diferentes características mineralógicas e químicas, que alteram de forma diferenciada a disponibilidade de P para a cultura. Com o objetivo de verificar essas diferenças na disponibilidade de P para o arroz em solos oriundos de diferentes materiais de origem, conduziu-se um experimento fatorial, delineado em blocos ao acaso, em que cinco solos foram submetidos à ausência ou presença de superfosfato triplo. Os solos derivados de sedimentos de arenito e granito (Planossolos) apresentaram redução mais rápida do Fe com liberação do P adsorvido, quando comparados aos solos derivados de sedimento de basalto. Os Planossolos apresentaram maior quantidade de P acumulado no arroz que o Vertissolo e Chernossolo, sem ou com a adição de superfosfato triplo. A adição de superfosfato triplo resultou em maior quantidade de P acumulado na planta para todos os solos.Soils used for production of flooded rice in the state of Rio Grande do Sul are originated from different parent materials, resulting in different characteristics that affect P availability for the crop. The aim of this paper was to verify the differences in P availability for rice in soils originated from different parent materials. The experiment was carried out in a complete randomized block design, where five soils were exposed to absence or presence of triple superphosphate. In the soils derived from sandstone and granite sediment a faster Fe reduction and release of adsorbed P was observed than in soils originated from basalt. The amount of accumulated P in rice was higher in the Planosol than the Vertisol and Mollisol, with and without triple superphosphate application. Triple superphosphate fertilization resulted in greater amounts of P accumulated in all soils