Photoswitchable Proton Transfer Based on 2-(2,4-Dinitrobenzyl)pyridine and its Derivatives

Lichtgetriebener Protonentransport gehört zu  den wichtigsten  biologischen  Prozessen.  So wird  Lichtenergie z.B. im  Photosyntheseapparat oder im Bacteriorhodopsin zum Pumpen von Protonen durch die Zellmembran verwendet. Der Schwerpunkt  dieser Arbeit lag im Design  und  in  der  Synthese neuer photoschaltbarer  Säuren. Als Vorbild  diente  das α‐DNBP. Dieses vollzieht unter Lichteinfluss  einen intramolekularen Protonentransfer. Neben der  Änderung  anderer physikalischer Eigenschaften resultiert eine Aciditätssteigerung. Thelight driven proton transport is one of the most important processes in nature.  In the photosynthetic apparatus or in bacteriorhodopsin light energy is used to pump protons across a cell membrane.  Based on α‐DNBP new photoswitchable acids were designed and synthesized. α‐DNBP undergoes an intramolecular proton transfer upon irradiation.  Among other physical properties the acidity increases as a result of the light induced proton  transfer

Проект ЭСПЦ на площадях ОАО «Волжский трубный завод» производительностью 1,2 млн. тонн стали в год

Реферат Выпускная квалификационная работа содержит 136 с., 23 рисунка, 25 источников, 8 графического материала формата А1. Ключевые слова: дуговая сталеплавильная печь (ДСП), агрегат внепечной обработки, машина непрерывной разливки стали (МНЛЗ), сталеразливочный ковш, электросталеплавильный цех (ЭСПЦ), марка стали. Актуальность работы является в связи со сложной экономической ситуацией проблема импортозамещения трубной продукции для нужд нефтегазовой отрасли, и дальнейшее развитие газодобывающей отрасли потребует большого количества стальных труб. Объектом исследования является электросталеплавильный цех на площадях завода ОАО «Волжский трубный завод». Цель работы является разработка проекта ЭСПЦ. В разделе объект и методы исследования описано организационная струReferat Die Abschlussqualifikationsarbeit enthält 135 Seiten, 23 Zeichnungen, 25 Quellen, 8 A1 Zeichnungen. Stichwörter: Lichtbogenstahlschmelzofen, Außerofenbearbeitungsmaschine, Stranggussmaschine, Stahlgießpfanne, Elektrostahlwerk, Stahlgüte. Die Aktualität der Arbeit besteht darin, dass die wirtschaftliche Lage schwierig ist. Die Importsubstitution von Rohrprodukten für die Öl- und Gasindustrie sowie die weitere Entwicklung der Gasindustrie erfordern große Mengen von Stahlrohren. Der Gegenstand der Arbeit ist Elektrostahlwerk des metallurgischen Betriebes Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung «VTZ». Das Ziel der Arbeit ist, das Elektrostahlwerk zu entwickeln, das die Installation des zweiten Lichtbogenstahlschmelzofens voraussetzt. Im Teil „Objekt und Methoden der Forschung“ sind so

Which method is best for the induction of labour?: A systematic review, network meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis

Background: More than 150,000 pregnant women in England and Wales have their labour induced each year. Multiple pharmacological, mechanical and complementary methods are available to induce labour. Objective: To assess the relative effectiveness, safety and cost-effectiveness of labour induction methods and, data permitting, effects in different clinical subgroups. Methods: We carried out a systematic review using Cochrane methods. The Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group’s Trials Register was searched (March 2014). This contains over 22,000 reports of controlled trials (published from 1923 onwards) retrieved from weekly searches of OVID MEDLINE (1966 to current); Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library); EMBASE (1982 to current); Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (1984 to current); ClinicalTrials.gov; the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Portal; and hand-searching of relevant conference proceedings and journals. We included randomised controlled trials examining interventions to induce labour compared with placebo, no treatment or other interventions in women eligible for third-trimester induction. We included outcomes relating to efficacy, safety and acceptability to women. In addition, for the economic analysis we searched the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, and Economic Evaluations Databases, NHS Economic Evaluation Database and the Health Technology Assessment database. We carried out a network meta-analysis (NMA) using all of the available evidence, both direct and indirect, to produce estimates of the relative effects of each treatment compared with others in a network. We developed a de novo decision tree model to estimate the cost-effectiveness of various methods. The costs included were the intervention and other hospital costs incurred (price year 2012–13). We reviewed the literature to identify preference-based utilities for the health-related outcomes in the model. We calculated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios, expected costs, utilities and net benefit. We represent uncertainty in the optimal intervention using cost-effectiveness acceptability curves. Results: We identified 1190 studies; 611 were eligible for inclusion. The interventions most likely to achieve vaginal delivery (VD) within 24 hours were intravenous oxytocin with amniotomy [posterior rank 2; 95% credible intervals (CrIs) 1 to 9] and higher-dose (≥ 50 μg) vaginal misoprostol (rank 3; 95% CrI 1 to 6). Compared with placebo, several treatments reduced the odds of caesarean section, but we observed considerable uncertainty in treatment rankings. For uterine hyperstimulation, double-balloon catheter had the highest probability of being among the best three treatments, whereas vaginal misoprostol (≥ 50 μg) was most likely to increase the odds of excessive uterine activity. For other safety outcomes there were insufficient data or there was too much uncertainty to identify which treatments performed ‘best’. Few studies collected information on women’s views. Owing to incomplete reporting of the VD within 24 hours outcome, the cost-effectiveness analysis could compare only 20 interventions. The analysis suggested that most interventions have similar utility and differ mainly in cost. With a caveat of considerable uncertainty, titrated (low-dose) misoprostol solution and buccal/sublingual misoprostol had the highest likelihood of being cost-effective. Limitations: There was considerable uncertainty in findings and there were insufficient data for some planned subgroup analyses. Conclusions: Overall, misoprostol and oxytocin with amniotomy (for women with favourable cervix) is more successful than other agents in achieving VD within 24 hours. The ranking according to safety of different methods was less clear. The cost-effectiveness analysis suggested that titrated (low-dose) oral misoprostol solution resulted in the highest utility, whereas buccal/sublingual misoprostol had the lowest cost. There was a high degree of uncertainty as to the most cost-effective intervention

Comparison of various applications of prostaglandin E2 for cervical ripening, and the effect of betamimetics

Peer Reviewe

De forcipe obstetricia.

Diss. Göttingen.OPLADEN-RUG0

Risks occurring in birth induction without considering cervix maturity

Peer Reviewe

Damage of polyesters by the atmospheric free radical oxidant NO3 center dot: a product study involving model systems

Manufactured polymer materials are used in increasingly demanding applications, but their lifetime is strongly influenced by environmental conditions. In particular, weathering and ageing leads to dramatic changes in the properties of the polymers, which results in decreased service life and limited usage. Despite the heavy reliance of our society on polymers, the mechanism of their degradation upon exposure to environmental oxidants is barely understood. In this work, model systems of important structural motifs in commercial high-performing polyesters were used to study the reaction with the night-time free radical oxidant NO3 (•) in the absence and presence of other radical and non-radical oxidants. Identification of the products revealed 'hot spots' in polyesters that are particularly vulnerable to attack by NO3 (•) and insight into the mechanism of oxidative damage by this environmentally important radical. It is suggested that both intermediates as well as products of these reactions are potentially capable of promoting further degradation processes in polyesters under environmental conditions