Growth differentiation factor 9 and bone morphogenetic protein 15 expression in previtellogenic oocytes and during early embryonic development of Yellow-tail Kingfish Seriola lalandi

© 2014 Palomino et al. Background: During fish oocyte maturation, specific molecules are expressed and accumulated within oocyte until fertilization and embryo development. Special attention have been paid in members of the transforming growth factor (TGF-β) superfamily; growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9/gdf9) and bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15/bmp15), which exert regulatory functions during oocyte maturation and follicle development. However, little attention has been paid to the involvement of these molecules during embryogenesis considering its importance for the formation of a good quality egg and subsequent embryo survival. The purpose of this study was to analyze the expression of gdf9 and bmp15 in previtellogenic oocytes and during early embryonic development in Seriola lalandi, a pelagic fish with increasing prospect for its aquaculture development, which however, show high mortality at embryo and larval stages. Results: Through RT-qPCR it was found that gdf9 express

La convivencia escolar en los estudiantes del VII ciclo del nivel secundario de la Institución Educativa “Nuestro Señor de la Misericordia

La presente investigación denominada “La convivencia escolar en los estudiantes del VII ciclo del nivel secundario de la Institución Educativa Nuestro señor de la Misericordia”, tuvo como objetivo general determinar el nivel de convivencia escolar en el aula en los estudiantes del VII ciclo del nivel secundario de la institución educativa “Nuestro Señor de la Misericordia” de la UGEL N° 10 de Huaral. La investigación trabajó con un diseño no experimental, transaccional-descriptivo, con un tipo de estudio básica, la población de estudio fue de 113 estudiantes, con una muestra igual a la población. Para la recolección de los datos empleamos la encuesta, con la escala de Likert. El instrumento fue validado por juicio de expertos para medir la consistencia interna, así como se aplicó Alfa de Cronbach para medir la confiabilidad del instrumento. Los resultados nos permitieron determinar que el nivel de convivencia escolar es 87,6% en el nivel medio y 12,4% en el nivel alto y en sus dimensiones: relaciones interpersonales el 80,5% es el nivel bajo y 19,5% nivel medio, en la dimensión normas 85,8% es nivel bajo y 14,2% es nivel medio; en la dimensión valores el 85% está en el nivel bajo y 15% en el nivel medio y finalmente en la dimensión participación el 80,5% está en el nivel bajo y 19,5% está en el nivel medi

Principios de la Neuroarquitectura aplicada al diseño de un edificio híbrido para mujeres violentadas, en el distrito de Ventanilla, 2022

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo general aplicar los principios de la neuroarquitectura en el diseño de un Edificio Híbrido para mujeres violentadas, en el distrito de Ventanilla, en el que se brindarán servicios básicos como orientación legal, refugio temporal, salud física - mental y capacitación laboral. La metodología de la investigación es descriptivo correlacional, con el fin de obtener datos concretos sobre las necesidades de las mujeres violentadas. El análisis preliminar del distrito ha permitido conocer la problemática principal que existe en el Asentamiento Humano Pachacútec (Ventanilla), la misma que carece de infraestructura, equipamientos y mobiliario adecuado que fomente la seguridad y el bienestar físico - mental de las mujeres víctimas de violencia. Por lo tanto, el proyecto atiende esta problemática con el diseño de una infraestructura de carácter social, aplicando los principios de la neuroarquitectura (la iluminación, los elementos naturales, techos, colores, elementos arquitectónicos y ruido) con la finalidad de lograr la independencia económica y el empoderamiento de las mujeres violentadas del sector de Pachacútec, distrito de Ventanill

Barreras y dificultades para el avance de la trayectoria profesional de las mujeres

En la presente investigación se identifican las barreras y dificultades, más comunes y relevantes, que enfrentarían las mujeres en el avance de su trayectoria profesional. El estudio, de naturaleza exploratoria y cualitativa, está basado en 14 estudios de caso de mujeres profesionales que laboran en Lima Metropolitana. Los resultados muestran que las mujeres profesionales se enfrentan ante numerosos obstáculos tanto en su mundo interior como exterior. Así, se presentan las barreras internas, que son las que corresponden a la interacción que las mujeres tienen consigo mismas, esto es en el dominio personal e íntimo; y las barreras externas, referidas a la interacción que las mujeres tienen con los fenómenos y factores que escapan del dominio interno. Ambas barreras se gestan en un entorno socio cultural, en el que naturalmente existen diferencias que se ven acentuadas por los estereotipos de género. A través de la investigación se identificó que la mayoría de las mujeres coinciden en que la inseguridad es la principal barrera interna que impide su crecimiento profesional, específicamente para alcanzar puestos directivos. Se encontró que a mayor experiencia profesional, se incrementa la posibilidad de superar esta barrera. Respecto a la maternidad los resultados muestran que cada vez más mujeres priorizan su crecimiento profesional y postergan la maternidad o buscan el apoyo que necesitan para cumplir ambos roles (i.e., como gestantes y profesionales). En cuanto a las barreras externas, específicamente en el entorno cercano, se encuentra que las mujeres necesitan el apoyo de otras personas para poder realizar las dos facetas (i.e., como madres y profesionales) con éxito; que las mujeres con mayor carga familiar se encuentran en desventaja, debido a la relación de dependencia que repercute en la distribución de su tiempo, el que no se considera como trabajo remunerado. Sobre el entorno laboral, los resultados indican que la segregación horizontal o feminización se inicia antes del ciclo profesional de las mujeres, pero que se refuerza en las organizaciones; y que la brecha salarial desalienta el desempeño laboral femenino. Al margen del entorno, la segregación vertical se apunta como la principal de las barreras externas, especialmente en empresas con mayor presencia masculina; mientras más alto es el cargo, mayor es la resistencia de esta barrera. Sin embargo, el estudio revela también que se está eliminando la barrera de los paradigmas masculinos para los cargos directivos, puesto que ya se reconocen las cualidades femeninas como necesarias para los nuevos modelos gerenciales. La originalidad del documento radica en la propuesta de un modelo conceptual en el que se representa esquemática y funcionalmente, una explicación a la intensidad de cada barrera en el transcurso de la trayectoria profesional femenina. Esta propuesta pretende aportar una mejor perspectiva para las mujeres, a fin de que puedan preparase mejor en el avance hacia su desarrollo profesional y, para las empresas y sociedad en general, pues el reconocimiento y valoración del talento femenino contribuye con el crecimiento económico y el bienestar general. Finalmente, este estudio queda abierto a otras propuestas como la validación del modelo conceptual, a través de una investigación de enfoque mixto (i.e., cualitativo y cuantitativo) o a una profundización del tema con una muestra de tipo intensiva, esto es mujeres de puestos directivos específicamenteThis research identifies the barriers and difficulties, more common and relevant, that women would face in advancing their professional career. The study, of an exploratory and qualitative nature, is based on 14 case studies of professional women working in Lima Metropolitana. The results show that professional women face many obstacles both in their inner and outer world. Thus, the internal barriers are presented, which correspond to the interaction that women have with themselves, that is, in the personal and intimate domain; And the external barriers, referring to the interaction that women have with the phenomena and factors that escape the internal domain. Both barriers are generated in a socio-cultural environment, in which there are naturally differences that are accentuated by gender stereotypes. Through research, it was identified that most women agree that insecurity is the main internal barrier that prevents their professional growth, specifically to achieve managerial positions. It was found that greater professional experience increases the possibility of overcoming this barrier. Regarding maternity, the results show that more women prioritize their professional growth and postpone maternity or seek the support they need to fulfill both roles (i.e., as pregnant and professional). As for external barriers, specifically in the immediate environment, it is found that women need the support of other people in order to be able to perform both facets (i.e., as mothers and professionals) successfully; That women with more family burden are at a disadvantage due to the dependency relationship that affects the distribution of their time, which is not considered as paid work. Regarding the work environment, the results indicate that horizontal segregation or feminization starts before the professional cycle of women, but is reinforced in organizations; And that the wage gap discourages female labor performance. Regardless of the environment, vertical segregation is seen as the main external barrier, especially in companies with greater male presence; The higher the charge, the greater the resistance of this barrier. However, the study also reveals that the barrier of male paradigms for managerial positions is being removed, since female qualities are already recognized as necessary for new managerial models. The originality of the document lies in the proposal of a conceptual model in which it is represented schematically and functionally, an explanation for the intensity of each barrier in the course of the female professional career. This proposal aims to provide a better perspective for women, so that they can better prepare themselves in the progress towards their professional development and, for the companies and society in general, since the recognition and valuation of the feminine talent contributes to the economic growth and the general well-being. Finally, this study is open to other proposals such as the validation of the conceptual model, through a mixed approach (ie, qualitative and quantitative) or a deepening of the subject with an intensive type sample, namely women in managerial positions specificallyTesi

Academic performance before and during the state of emergency due to COVID-19: analysis from the perspective of distance education

Faced with Covid-19, and the need to adapt to environments that guarantee continuity of educational service in the context of social distancing, many universities did not initially plan the mechanisms for adapting to the virtual modality adequately. Therefore, this period of transition to e-learning was characterised by a decrease in academic performance . This article reports on a study that focused on determining whether the transition from a classroom to a virtual teaching–learning model had an effect or influence on the academic performance of university students in mechanical and electrical engineering at a public university in Peru during the period 2018 to 2021. The purpose of the study was to ensure the quality of the education system in the face of the implementation of a hybrid mode of teaching. Methodologically, a descriptive type of investigation and longitudinal non-experimental design were undertaken. The research methodology followed a hypothetical-deductive approach. The number of participants was 157 and a registration form was used to collect data on the indicators that made up the academic performance variable. The results reveal that the switch to a virtual teaching–learning modality significantly influenced the academic performance of the students. Student’s t-test found a significance equal to 0.000. Passing grades were achieved by 98.57% of students under the virtual teaching–learning modality, compared to 68.4% under classroom learning.Campus Lima Nort

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950-2019 : a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Methods: 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10–14 and 50–54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. We classified location-years into seven categories on the basis of the natural rate of increase in population (calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate) and the net migration rate. We computed healthy life expectancy (HALE) using years lived with disability (YLDs) per capita, life tables, and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty was propagated throughout the demographic estimation process, including fertility, mortality, and population, with 1000 draw-level estimates produced for each metric. Findings: The global TFR decreased from 2·72 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·66–2·79) in 2000 to 2·31 (2·17–2·46) in 2019. Global annual livebirths increased from 134·5 million (131·5–137·8) in 2000 to a peak of 139·6 million (133·0–146·9) in 2016. Global livebirths then declined to 135·3 million (127·2–144·1) in 2019. Of the 204 countries and territories included in this study, in 2019, 102 had a TFR lower than 2·1, which is considered a good approximation of replacement-level fertility. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27·1% (95% UI 26·4–27·8) of global livebirths. Global life expectancy at birth increased from 67·2 years (95% UI 66·8–67·6) in 2000 to 73·5 years (72·8–74·3) in 2019. The total number of deaths increased from 50·7 million (49·5–51·9) in 2000 to 56·5 million (53·7–59·2) in 2019. Under-5 deaths declined from 9·6 million (9·1–10·3) in 2000 to 5·0 million (4·3–6·0) in 2019. Global population increased by 25·7%, from 6·2 billion (6·0–6·3) in 2000 to 7·7 billion (7·5–8·0) in 2019. In 2019, 34 countries had negative natural rates of increase; in 17 of these, the population declined because immigration was not sufficient to counteract the negative rate of decline. Globally, HALE increased from 58·6 years (56·1–60·8) in 2000 to 63·5 years (60·8–66·1) in 2019. HALE increased in 202 of 204 countries and territories between 2000 and 2019

Construcción y características métricas del cuestionario de la disfunción en la integración sensorial en niños de 3 a 5 años dirigido a profesores de educación inicial

La investigación tiene la finalidad de construir y evaluar las propiedades métricas de un cuestionario que detecte la Disfunción en la Integración Sensorial en niños de nivel educativo inicial. Por ello se elaboró el Cuestionario de la Disfunción en la Integración Sensorial en niños de 3 a 5 años dirigido a profesores de Educación Inicial, midiendo sus propiedades métricas a través de la validez de contenido por criterio de jueces, índice de discriminación, validez de criterio, y fiabilidad. Para su validación el cuestionario fue aplicado por once maestras de nivel inicial de un colegio privado de La Molina, quienes evaluaron a 204 niños y niñas de 3 a 5 años. Los resultados muestran evidencias de validez de contenido y criterio, fiabilidad por consistencia interna, aplicaciones y futuras líneas de investigación también son señaladas.The purpose of this investigation is to validate and provide a tool that detects the Sensory Integration Dysfunction in children 3 to 5 years old. Therefore, this Sensory Integrative Dysfunction Questionnaire for Preschool Teachers was created, measures metric properties through content validity by judging criteria, criterion validity, and discrimination index and reliability. In order to validate this instrument, it was applied by eleven Preschool Teachers from a private school in the district of La Molina, on a population of 204 boys and girls. The results showed evidence of content validity and criteria, reliability by internal consistency

Assessment of cathepsin mRNA expression and enzymatic activity during early embryonic development in the yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi

© 2017 Elsevier B.V. In pelagic species such as Seriola lalandi, survival of both the eggs and embryos depends on yolk processing during oocyte maturation and embryo development. The main enzymes involved in these processes are the cathepsins, which are essential for the hydration process, acquiring buoyancy and nutrition of the embryo before hatching. This study aimed to investigate the mRNA expression profiles of cathepsins B, D and L (catb, catd and catl) and the activity of these enzymes during early development in S. lalandi. We included previtellogenic oocytes (PO). All three enzymes were highly expressed in PO, but the expression was reduced throughout development. Between PO and recently spawned eggs (E1) the transcript to catb and catd decreased, unlike catl. Cathepsin B activity, showed stable levels between PO until blastula stage (E4). High activities levels of cathepsins D and L were observed in E1 in comparison with later developmental stages. Cathepsin L activity remain