Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities 1,2 . This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity 3�6 . Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55 of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017�and more than 80 in some low- and middle-income regions�was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing�and in some countries reversal�of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories. © 2019, The Author(s)

Finite volume modeling of the non-isothermal flow of a non-Newtonian fluid in a rubber's extrusion die

Non-isothermal flow of a non-Newtonian fluid is the most complex and important problem in the rubber's extrusion process. In this way, the aim of this work is to describe the computer modeling of the laminar flow through a nozzle by the finite volume method (FVM). The basis of the general mathematical treatment of flow processes are the balance equations for mass, momentum and energy. The flow can be fully described only when the velocity vector and the thermodynamic data as pressure, density and temperature are known at any time and at any point of the flow. To determine these quantities the conservation equations are combined with the constitutive equations which describe the correlations between parameters relating to motion and kinetics on the one hand and between the individual thermodynamic parameters on the other hand. Extrusion heads for the fabrication of rubber profiles are up to now designed on the basis of empirical knowledge of the non-linear inelastic flow behavior involving the heat transfer. The liquid rubber exhibits a shear rate and temperature-dependent viscosity, with 'shear thinning', that is, decreasing viscosity with increasing shear rate and temperature. We have taken the power-law model in order to simulate this rubber's extrusion process. The mathematical model has the form (t) = K (T) I 2 {n (T) - 1} / 2 where T, , I 2, n and K are termed the temperature, dynamic viscosity, the second invariant of the rate of deformation tensor, the power-law index and the consistency, respectively. These last two parameters were obtained at different temperatures from experimental tests and used in the computational simulation. Finally we have modeled the extrusion process for a type of nozzle, H810, in order to calculate the outlet velocity and temperature distribution of the rubber and conclusions are exposed. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

EFECTO DEL ESTRÉS HIDRICO EDAFICO EN EMERGENCIA Y DESARROLLO DE PLANTULA EN LAS ESPECIES DE CHILE Capsicum frutescens L. Y Capsicum annuum L.

Se estudió la emergencia y el desarrollo de plántulas en una especie semidomesticada de chile (C. frutescens) como cultivo familiar y de pequeña escala con características de tolerancia a bajos déficit hídricos, el cual fue comparado con una variedad comercial cultivada de chile (C. annuum), una de las más cultivadas en la región noroeste de México. Se aplicó un diseño experimental completamente al azar con arreglo factorial donde los factores fueron las dos especies de chile expuestas a cinco tratamientos de déficit hídrico. Los resultados muestran una menor tasa de emergencia y menor porcentaje total a la especie semidomesticada y una diferencia de siete días para emerger con respecto a la especie comercial. Los tratamientos de déficit hídrico no afectaron el desarrollo de la especie de chile semidomesticada (C. frutescens), ya que no presentó efectos negativos en longitud de raíz, longitud del tallo y producción de biomasa seca por planta. En contraste, para C. annuum el tratamiento más severo de estrés hídrico (-3.2 MPa) disminuyó significativamente su tamaño y también redujo la producción de biomasa, por lo que la especie comercial domesticada mostró mayor vulnerabilidad al déficit hídrico. C. frutescens presentó una emergencia más lenta comparada a la especie cultivada (C. annuum), lo cual puede implicar un mecanismo de retraso inherente a la condición de semidomesticación y a los ciclos naturales de sequía a los que comúnmente está expuesta. Los tratamientos de déficit hídrico no afectaron de manera negativa su crecimiento, incluyendo la condición extrema de frecuencia de riego cada 26 días, equivalente a una tensión hídrica de -3.2 MPa. Lo anterior indica para C. frutescens una menor susceptibilidad a la escasez de agua que C. annuum, lo cual se traduce en bajos requerimientos de la misma, por lo que representa una alternativa de cultivo en regiones áridas y semiáridas como Baja California Sur, donde el déficit hídrico en el entorno edáfico es una condición característica de los ecosistemas