On the issue of determination of the threshold ratios of narcotic drugs as features of traffic offenses and misdemeanors

The issue presented in this article is the problem of specificity of the features which constitute the prohibited acts whose definitions contain the term condition under the influence and the term condition after consumption. One must take note of the fact that the lack of definition of clear quantitative limits of narcotic drugs in the content of the penalizing regulation does not make it unconstitutional. Although prima facie this situation may raise doubts related to the procedural safeguards, there is a number of important reasons for not providing specific ratios. However, it must be emphasized that both the doctrine and the jurisprudence point at the lack of possibility, or significant difficulty, to create an exhaustive list of narcotic drugs and their precise threshold ratios on which the criminality of individual behavior would depend.This article aims at providing general information on the subject to the broader public, and explaining reasons behind the status quo, rather than at solving the arising legal problems. The commitment embodies the intention to launch an irregular series of papers under a general (sub) title

Groźba bezprawna jako znamię przestępstwa z art. 245 k.k. : rozważania na tle orzecznictwa Sądu Najwyższego i sądów apelacyjnych

This article aims to interpret the term “unlawful threat” under Article 245 of the Criminal Code. It can be observed that judicial decisions of the Supreme Court and legal doctrine do not provide a uniform interpretation of the term. The work discusses whether the result in the shape of a justified concern that the threat will be carried out is necessary. Such a criminal result is described in Article 190 of the Criminal Code which penalizes punishable threats. It corresponds with Article 115 § 12 of the Criminal Code which defines an unlawful threat. In the opinion of the authors, causing a justified fear that the threat will be carried out is one of the statutory features in all three cases, i.e. unlawful threats to commit a criminal offence, to institute criminal proceedings and to disseminate defamatory information.Celem niniejszego artykułu jest dokonanie wykładni znamienia groźby bezprawnej występującego na gruncie art. 245 k.k. We wskazanym zakresie brak jest jednolitości w orzecznictwie Sądu Najwyższego, sądów apelacyjnych oraz w doktrynie. Zasadniczy problem wiąże się z kwestią zawierania się w pojęciu groźby bezprawnej skutku w postaci wzbudzenia uzasadnionej obawy spełnienia groźby. Skutek ten został określony w art. 190 k.k. opisującym przestępstwo tzw. groźby karalnej, do którego odsyła definicja ustawowa groźby bezprawnej określona w art. 115 § 12 k.k. W ocenie autorów skutek polegający na powstaniu uzasadnionej obawy spełnienia groźby należy do elementów groźby bezprawnej we wszystkich trzech przypadkach, tj. w przypadku groźby popełnienia przestępstwa, spowodowania postępowania karnego lub rozgłoszenia infamującej wiadomości

Regulation of financial supervision in the European Union

This contribution offers a broad theory on the regulation of the financial supervisory architecture in the European Union. It discusses the macro- and micro-prudential competences of the specialised agencies that are now ranging from direct supervision of individual financial institutions to the ability to impose market-wide restrictions on financial activities. The regulatory response to the financial crisis of 2007/08 centralised and strengthened the EU competences of monitoring financial markets and enforcing cooperation between the national competent authorities, especially in cross-border situations. It is however observed that – with some notable exceptions – the supervisory model in the European Union remains fragmented. Lack of direct supervisory powers – especially in the securities and payments markets – means that many international institutions remain without appropriate supervision. This results not only in weaker consumer protection and increased systemic risk, but also in jurisdictional arbitrage and, ultimately, damaged competitiveness of the European financial sector.Jan Głuchowski: [email protected] Adam Górski: [email protected] Głuchowski - Kozminski UniversityKrzysztof Adam Górski - Kozminski UniversityDarvas Z., Wolff G. B. (2013), Should Non-Euro Area Countries Join the Single Supervisory Mechanism?, “Law and Economic Review” no. 4Farran E., Babis V. S. G. (2013), The European Single Supervisory Mechanism, “University of Cambridge Legal Studies Research Paper Series” no. 10.Ferran E., Babis V. S. G. (2013), The European Single Supervisory Mechanism, “Journal of Corporate Law Studies” no. 13(2).Głuchowski J. (2010), Komisja Nadzoru Finansowego oraz Urząd Komisji Nadzoru Finansowego, [in:] Głuchowski J. (ed.), System prawa finansowego, Prawo walutowe prawo dewizowe prawo rynku finansowego vol. IV, Oficyna a Wolters Kluwer business, Warszawa.Gortsos C.V. (2016), The Role of the European Banking Authority (EBA) After the Establishment of the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM), [in:] M. Andenas, G. Deipenbrock (eds.), Regulating and Supervising European Financial Markets, Springer.Howell E. (2019), EU agencification and the rise of ESMA: are its governance arrangements fit for purpose?, “Cambridge Law Journal” no. 78(2).Jurkowska-Zeidler A. (2015), Stabilność finansowa i integracja prawna rynku finansowego UE jako przedmiot rozstrzygnięć Trybunału Sprawiedliwości, [in:] J. Gliniecka, A. Drywa, E. Juchniewicz, T. Sowiński (eds.), Prawo finansowe wobec wyzwań XXI wieku, CeDeWu.Pl.Kálman J. (2014), The ESMA Case and Its Impact on the Legal Framework of the European Agencies, [in:] C. Gömbös, J. Kálmán, B.A. Keserű (eds.), Global and Local Issues from the Aspects of Law and Economy.Kurowski L. (1968), Kontrola finansowa, PWE, Warszawa.Kurowski L. (1990), Kontrola finansowa organizacja i funkcjonowanie, PWE, Warszawa.Lamfalussy A., Herkströter C. (et al.) (2001), Final Report of the Committee of Wise Men on the Regulation of European Securities Markets, Committee of Wise Men, Brussels.de Larosière, J., Balcerowicz L. (et al.) (2009), The High-Level Group on Financial Supervision in the EU, Brussels.Moloney N. (2011), The European Securities and Markets Authority and Institutional Design for the EU Financial Market – A Tale of Two Competences: Part (1) Rule-Making, “European Business Organization Law Review” no. 12(1).Ringe W.G., Morais L.S., Muñoz D. R. (2019), A Holistic Approach to the Institutional Architecture of Financial Supervision and Regulation in the EU, “European Banking Institute Working Paper Series” no. 50.Ruśkowski E. (2021), Kontrola finansowa, Temida 2, Białystok.Ruśkowski E. (2001), Kontrola finansowa, [in:] Głuchowski J. (ed.), Leksykon finansów, PWE,Warszawa.Rybarski R. (1937), Program Gospodarczy, Drukarnia Społeczna, Warszawa.Simoncini M. (2015), Legal Boundaries of European Supervisory Authorities in the Financial Markets: Tensions in the Development of True Regulatory Agencies, “Oxford University Press Yearbook of Eurpoean Law” no. 34(1).Spendzharova A.B. (2017), Becoming a powerful regulator: The European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) in European financial sector governance, “Maastricht University Academic Research Network Working Paper” no. 8/2017.Wymeersch E. (2007), The Structure of Financial Supervision in Europe: About Single Financial Supervisors, Twin Peaks and Multiple Financial Supervisors, “European Business Organization Law Review” no. 8(2).Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) (OJEU C 326 of 26 October 2012).Treaty on European Union (TEU) (OJEU C 326 of 26 October 2012.Regulation (EU) 2019/2176 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2019 amending Regulation (EU) No 1092/2010 on European Union macro-prudential oversight of the financial system and establishing a European Systemic Risk Board (OJEU L 334 of 27 December 2019).Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 establishing a European Supervisory Authority (European Banking Authority), amending Decision No 716/2009/EC and repealing Commission Decision 2009/78/EC (OJEU L 331 of 15 December 2010).Regulation (EU) No 1094/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 establishing a European Supervisory Authority (European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority), amending Decision No 716/2009/EC and repealing Commission Decision 2009/79/EC (OJEU L 331 of 15 December 2010).Regulation (EU) No 1095/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 establishing a European Supervisory Authority (European Securities and Markets Authority), amending Decision No 716/2009/EC and repealing Commission Decision 2009/77/EC (OJEU L 331 of 15 December 2010).Regulation (EU) No 236/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2012 on short selling and certain aspects of credit default swaps (OJEU L 86 of 24 March 2012).Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on prudential re quirements for credit institutions and investment firms and amending Regulation (EU) No 648/2012 (OJEU L 176 of 27 June 2013).Regulation (EU) No 1022/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2013 amending Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010 establishing a European Supervisory Authority (European Banking Authority) as regards the conferral of specific tasks on the European Central Bank pursuant to Council Regulation (EU) No 1024/2013 (OJEU L 287 of 29 October 2013).Regulation (EU) No 600/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on markets in financial instruments and amending Regulation (EU) No 648/2012 (OJEU L 173 of 12 June 2014).Regulation (EU) No 806/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 July 2014 establishing uniform rules and a uniform procedure for the resolution of credit institutions and certain investment firms in the framework of a Single Resolution Mechanism and a Single Resolution Fund and amending Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010 (OJEU L 225 of 30 July 2014).Council Regulation (EU) No 1024/2013 of 15 October 2013 conferring specific tasks on the European Central Bank concerning policies relating to the prudential supervision of credit institutions (OJEU L 287 of 29 October 2013).Directive 2009/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 on the coordination of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to undertakings for collective investment in transferable securities (UCITS) (OJEU L 302 of 17 November 2009).Directive 2011/61/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2011 on Alternative Investment Fund Managers and amending Directives 2003/41/EC and 2009/65/EC and Regulations (EC) No 1060/2009 and (EU) No 1095/2010 (OJEU L 174 of 1 July 2011).Directive 2014/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on markets in financial instruments and amending Directive 2002/92/EC and Directive 2011/61/EU (OJEU L 173 of 12 June 2014).Directive (EU) 2015/2366 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on payment services in the internal market, amending Directives 2002/65/EC, 2009/110/EC and 2013/36/EU and Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010, and repealing Directive 2007/64/EC (OJ L 337 of 23 December 2015).Interinstitutional Agreement between the European Parliament and the European Central Bank on the practical modalities of the exercise of democratic accountability and oversight over the exercise of the tasks conferred on the ECB within the framework of the Single Supervisory Mechanism (OJEU L 320 of 30 November 2013).Memorandum of Understanding between the Council of the European Union and the ECB on the cooperation on procedures related to the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM), MOU/2013/12111, 2013.Commission of the European Communities (2002), The op erating framework for the European Regulatory Agencies, COM (2002) 718 final version, Brussels.Judgment of the Court of Justice of 22 January 2014, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v European Parliament and Council of the European Union (UK v EP and the Council) 2014, C-270/12, ECLI:EU:C:2014:18.Judgment of the Court of Justice of 2 May 2006, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v European Parliament and Council of the European Union, C-217/04, ECLI:EU:C:2006:279.Judgment of the Court of Justice of 13 June 1958, Meroni & Co., Industrie Metallurgiche, SpA v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (Meroni), C-9/56, ECLI: ECLI:EU:C:1958:7.European Central Bank (2018), SSM Supervisory Manual European banking supervision: functioning of the SSM and supervisory approach.European Central Bank (2019), Guide to assessments of licence applications. Licence applications in general, 2nd edition.European Central Bank (2020), Joining European banking supervision marks a key milestone for us, 18 November 2020 [online], https://www.bankingsupervision. europa.eu/press/interviews/date/2020/html/ssm.in201118~e25ed9a04e.en.html, access as of 14 December 2021.European Commission (2001), White Paper on Governance, COM (2001) 428 final version.European Commission (2014), European banking supervision taking shape — EBA and its changing context, Special Report no. 05.European Commission (2014), Report on the Operation of the European Supervisory Authorities (ESAs) and the European System of Financial Supervision (ESFS), COM (2014) 509 final version, Brussels.European Commission (2017), Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Single Supervisory Mechanism established pursuant to Regulation (EU) No 1024/2013, COM (2017) 591 final version, BrusselsEuropean Securities and Markets Authority (2020), Rules of procedure on breach of Union law investigations, ESMA43-318-5630.Jenkins P. (2020), Why Germany should shut down BaFin, Financial Times, 21 December 2020 [online], https://www.ft.com/content/99f034f1-0464-4e5f-9b7e-92ff90767b5c, access as of 14 December 2021Wielka Encyklopedia PWN (2003), vol. 18, Warszawa.14-15142

Rocznik Lubuski (t. 31, cz.1): Muzea i ochrona dziedzictwa kulturowego na Środkowym Nadodrzu

Muzea i Ochrona Dziedzictwa Kulturowego na Środkowym Nadodrzu

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Search for stop and higgsino production using diphoton Higgs boson decays

Results are presented of a search for a "natural" supersymmetry scenario with gauge mediated symmetry breaking. It is assumed that only the supersymmetric partners of the top-quark (stop) and the Higgs boson (higgsino) are accessible. Events are examined in which there are two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate, and at least two b-quark jets. In 19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, recorded in the CMS experiment, no evidence of a signal is found and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are set, excluding the stop mass below 360 to 410 GeV, depending on the higgsino mass

Severe early onset preeclampsia: short and long term clinical, psychosocial and biochemical aspects

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy specific disorder commonly defined as de novo hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks gestational age. It occurs in approximately 3-5% of pregnancies and it is still a major cause of both foetal and maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide1. As extensive research has not yet elucidated the aetiology of preeclampsia, there are no rational preventive or therapeutic interventions available. The only rational treatment is delivery, which benefits the mother but is not in the interest of the foetus, if remote from term. Early onset preeclampsia (<32 weeks’ gestational age) occurs in less than 1% of pregnancies. It is, however often associated with maternal morbidity as the risk of progression to severe maternal disease is inversely related with gestational age at onset2. Resulting prematurity is therefore the main cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity in patients with severe preeclampsia3. Although the discussion is ongoing, perinatal survival is suggested to be increased in patients with preterm preeclampsia by expectant, non-interventional management. This temporising treatment option to lengthen pregnancy includes the use of antihypertensive medication to control hypertension, magnesium sulphate to prevent eclampsia and corticosteroids to enhance foetal lung maturity4. With optimal maternal haemodynamic status and reassuring foetal condition this results on average in an extension of 2 weeks. Prolongation of these pregnancies is a great challenge for clinicians to balance between potential maternal risks on one the eve hand and possible foetal benefits on the other. Clinical controversies regarding prolongation of preterm preeclamptic pregnancies still exist – also taking into account that preeclampsia is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the Netherlands5 - a debate which is even more pronounced in very preterm pregnancies with questionable foetal viability6-9. Do maternal risks of prolongation of these very early pregnancies outweigh the chances of neonatal survival? Counselling of women with very early onset preeclampsia not only comprises of knowledge of the outcome of those particular pregnancies, but also knowledge of outcomes of future pregnancies of these women is of major clinical importance. This thesis opens with a review of the literature on identifiable risk factors of preeclampsia