Relacje amerykańsko-afgańskie w latach 1963-1978 = US-Afghan relations in the years 1963-1978

The article raises the issue of the relationship between the United States and Afghanistan in the years 1963-1978. The subject of the analysis are political and economic relations between the partners. The author points out the motivations of American and Afghan authorities and barriers to collaboration. They are shown on the background of internal events in Afghanistan and the international context, including the global rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union

Śląsk i Czechy oczami magnata litewskiego. Osiemnastowieczny diariusz podróżny starosty wiłkomierskiego Benedykta Tyzenhauza = Silesia and the Czech Republic through the eyes of Lithuanian magnate. Eighteenth-century travel diary of starost of Wilkomierz Benedict Tyzenhauz

Travels through Europe among the nobility and magnates of the Crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania experienced its heyday in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. They had a various character: educational, therapeutic, or diplomatic. Many Lithuanian magnates by virtue of its financial resources decided on a long expeditions through the old continent and left after them travel reports rich in interesting descriptions of the surrounding reality. Such an example may be unknown until now the memories of the peregrination through Silesia of starost of Wilkomierz Benedict Tyzenhauz.He set out on his journey in the mid-eighteenth century, and came to Wroclaw, about which left an interesting description on the pages of his memories. From the capital of Lower Silesia he went towards Prague, along the way describing the encountered village, which he visited. Particular interest of magnate aroused churches, palaces and gardens. His relationship of the journey ends with the description of Prague where, most likely, magnate returned to the grounds of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Role model or model of decorum? A contribution to a new definition formulated from the point of view of a historian on the example of the Polish gentry at the turn of the Middle Ages and modern times

In the context of historical research, the concept of role model is incongruent. For this reason, it should give way to the term model of decorum. Such a choice enforces the division of models of decorum into personal (formulated in relation to real persons) and impersonal (allegoric ones, concerning registers, sets, or lists of depersonalized traits ascribed to roles played and positions held). In such an understanding, every model of decorum is a real, available, and realized phenomenon, and simultaneously a mental fact embedded in the awareness of all times. As such it is a result of group and individual expectations.The expectations consist of four basic components: genealogical determinant (determined by birth); personality determinant (visible in personal virtues); occupational determinant (determining professionalism in performing held offices and positions); and socio-religious determinant (allowing positive existence in the frameworks established by the state, Church, class, as well as micro-community, i.e. neighbors, friends, and family. The very concept of model of decorum is both a stable and a changeable value. Its stability is determined by an indisputable co-existence of particular components, while its changeability by relativism and relevance of formulated judgements as well as shifts in gravity, dictated by historical processes.The negative of a model is its anti-model, and as such it fits within the same structural framework, with the exception that due to its bipolar distinctness it is the negation of a model and its anti-model. Every model of decorum (personal or impersonal) was located in the sphere of desirable and available aspirations whose realization guaranteed social order and national well-being

Symboliczne aspekty wykorzystania ognia w późnośredniowiecznej i wczesnonowożytnej przestrzeni rodziny polskiej = Symbolic aspects of using a fire in late medieval and early modern Polish family space

The article is an attempt to reconstruct a symbolic significance of the fire in life of polish family between XIII and XVIII centuries. On the basis of analyze of rich ceremonialism, which can be found in home, household and church space, some types of this element were defined by way of example. The basic merit of a fire is its consumer value, which providing family with life was the base of assessment and creating of additional sense.In symbolic stratum the main role played a ritual fire, which being a part of receiving ritual admitted new members of community (for example, children, women) . There was a fire in magical acts and fortune-telling in everyday practice. Made cyclically or by accident purifying fire protected house and cattle from contagion, dark forces and animal pests. Fire is also a destructive power, of which man was afraid and from which protected his family. The value of flame was also an area of death. Ritual gestures and acts usually used element?s substitutes like candle, smoke, ashes and stove. The rich symbolism of fire, its multi-aspect using and great variety of forms are an evidence of importance of this element in a family?s community space

Miejsce melancholii w kulturze staropolskiej w świetle kazań pogrzebowych przełomu XVII i XVIII w. = Place of melancholy in Old Polish culture in the light of the funeral sermons in the turn of 17th and 18th century

Melancholy is a concept of a rich semantic structure. Old Polish concept of melancholy was formed under the influence of ideological currents of the era and served mainly as the expression of thought and reflection on the passing time, in which the phenomenon of death played a key role. In the Middle Ages the term of melancholy, known as acedia at that time, was perceived as a sin. For a man of the Baroque death was the harbinger of eternal life, which is why his attention was firmly focused on eschatological concepts.The matter of the funeral sermons and guidebooks of proper dying were made to persuade a man to a pious life and give him hope for a rebirth in eternity. Especially when he experienced suffering or at the time of his death. Preachers much of their attention devoted to emphasize the important role of hope as the essence of the Christian faith. It supposed to be the remedy for sadness and the melancholic trance for those families which lost their loved ones. Because melancholy led men to second thoughts about God?s creation and led to the loss of health. Melancholy was longing for the passaging time. The indescribable grief over human imperfection and its destructive nature

Wojewódzka Rada Związków Zawodowych w Zielonej Górze w latach 1950-1956 = The Provincial Council of Trade Unions in Zielona Gora, 1950-1956

The Provincial Council of Trade Unions in Zielona Góra was founded in 1950 as a result of adapting the structures of the unions to the new administrative division of the country. Its range coincided with the newly created province of Zielona Gora. The first Provincial Conference of Trade Unions was held on 17 September 1950. The first chairman was Bogdan Swiderski. The territorial structures were formed immediately, but the branch organizations and other organizational units only partially transferred their regional authorities to Zielona Gora. Others had their offices in Wroclaw and Poznan.The situation was difficult also because of continuous reorganization of industries. This led to a conflict of jurisdiction. One can find many critical voices at the federal authorities in the reports of the meetings of trade union organizations, especially the fact of neglecting employee issues, the pursuit of plans and production commitments. The competition, a constant struggle for higher production output became the primary objective of trade unions . Clerks, teachers and students were involved as well. The actions were, in fact, unaccepted and met with reluctance and gradually increasing criticism

Zapomniana inwestycja. Niezrealizowana koncepcja budowy Wojewódzkiego Szpitala Specjalistycznego w Zielonej Górze = Forgotten investment. Shelved project ? construction of the Regional Specialist Hospital in Zielona Góra

Development of the Regional Hospital in Zielona Góra in the seventies of the last century did not keep up with the increasing number of the town inhabitants. The facility suffered from the lack of premises the most important of which was the lack of specialist wards. Similar difficult conditions were characteristic for the majority of the other hospitals operating at the time in the Province. In view of the problem central authorities decided to construct a new specialist hospital in Zielona Góra. Unfortunately, the project was never implemented due to the escalating political and economic crisis at the turn of the seventies.The idea of building the hospital was approached again in the middle of the eighties. Several relevant designs for the construction were made then and the Social Committee for the Construction of the Regional Hospital was appointed to solicit the necessary funds. The works on the first facility of the future hospital started in 1988 ? it was a housing facility for medical staff. Unfortunately, in the beginning of the nineties, in view of new economic conditions as a result of the economic and political restructuring, the project was finally abandoned, mainly because of financial reasons

"Żaden cud nie jest mniejszy...". Sakralizacje w poezji Ireny Dowgielewicz = "No miracle is smaller...". Sacralization mainstream in the literary of Irena Dowgielewicz

The topic of this article is the sacred of Irena Dowgielewicz?s writings. It is visible especially in the poems from volumes Sowing parsley (1963) and Stadium for ladybird (1970). Religiosity of these texts can be seen in various aspects. The author refers to the particular conception of God and heaven, to the relationship between man and Creator, but also to the primary sacrum. Among the elements and features of religious mainstream in Dowgielewicz? poetry, a few intertwining ones can be distinguished: perception of world?s transcendent dimension and God?s presence; items elevation; sacralization of everyday life and everyday activities; God?s creatures participation in the act of creating reality; sanctification of rich and full of contrasts nature; canonization of memory of the past; elevation of homeland and of the earth-mother; transmission of pain; relatives? sacralization; sanctification of motherhood and marriage; interpenetration of God?s creatures and works; consideration of life in the categories of the gift and the miracle; humble looking at the world, sensitivity, simplicity of expression and personal relationship with God. The poems of Irena Dowgielewicz sanctify almost every component of the reality created by God. Such sacralization mainstream builds a space of harmony and sense

Obserwator wobec barier poznawczych = The observer towards to cognitive barriers

The purpose of this article is to prove the thesis of the possibility of rejection of anthropocentrism as the basic point of reference in the process of perception. It can be observed that barrier of anthropic reference point may cause a great damage in the preferred that is why, it can be said that focusing on the historical facts about the difficulties with accepting the idea of a heliocentric scientific objectivity. However, the quantum mechanics gives us the evidence of the possibility to reject that, due to the fact that defining the unique role of the observer in the process of studying about physical reality. What is more, in this piece of writing the thesis about science and human life, might be treated as a mathematical process, based on achieving the specific purpose. All in all, in this way the figure called an external observer is created and it exists as the outside observer