A perspective of medical students on 3D printing for anatomy education

Ponencia presentada a INTED2020 14th International Technology, Education and Development Conference, Valencia (Spain), 2-4 Marzo de 2020.For centuries, the dissection of full-body corpses has been the gold standard in Anatomy education, promoting deep anatomical comprehension. In the last years, with the growth of medical training on several fronts, the hours devoted to Anatomy practice have been reduced. This reduction has led to dissection giving way to prosection: students do not dissect human bodies but study the morphology of corpses already dissected by another person

A reciclable bifuctional acid-base organocatalyst with ionic liquid character. The role of sites separation and spatial configuration on different condensation reaction

A series of bifunctional organic catalysts containing acid and basic sites with ionic liquid characteristics have been prepared and their catalytic activity and reaction coordinate for aldol and Knoevenagel condensations have been compared. While the only factor controlling catalyst activity for the Knoevenagel condensation was the distance between the acid and base sites, the spatial orientation of the organocatalyst is also key to achieve high activity and selectivity in the Claisen-Schmidt condensation. Mechanistic studies based on theoretical DFT calculations show that the acid-base bifunctional organocatalyst follows a mechanism inspired in natural aldolases for the synthesis of trans-chalcones, being able to produce a large variety of these compounds of industrial interest. The combination of the acid-base pairs within the proper geometry and the ionic liquid nature makes this catalyst active, selective and recyclable.We thank Consolider-Ingenio 2010 (project MULTICAT), Spanish MICINN (Project MAT2006-14274-C02-01), Generalitat Valenciana (Project PROMETEO/2008/130), and Fundacion Areces for financial support.Corma Canós, A.; Boronat Zaragoza, M.; Climent Olmedo, MJ.; Iborra Chornet, S.; Montón Molina, R.; Sabater Picot, MJ. (2011). A reciclable bifuctional acid-base organocatalyst with ionic liquid character. The role of sites separation and spatial configuration on different condensation reaction. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 13(38):17255-17261. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cp21986cS17255172611338Motokura, K., Tada, M., & Iwasawa, Y. (2008). Acid-Base Bifunctional Catalytic Surfaces for Nucleophilic Addition Reactions. Chemistry - An Asian Journal, 3(8-9), 1230-1236. doi:10.1002/asia.200800126Gröger, H. (2001). The Development of New Monometallic Bifunctional Catalysts with Lewis acidand Lewis Base Properties, and their Application in Asymmetric Cyanation Reactions. Chemistry - A European Journal, 7(24), 5246-5251. doi:10.1002/1521-3765(20011217)7:243.0.co;2-oKanai, M., Kato, N., Ichikawa, E., & Shibasaki, M. (2005). Recent progress in Lewis acid-Lewis base bifunctional asymmetric catalysis. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 77(12), 2047-2052. doi:10.1351/pac200577122047Shen, Y., Feng, X., Li, Y., Zhang, G., & Jiang, Y. (2003). A mild and efficient cyanosilylation of ketones catalyzed by a Lewis acid–Lewis base bifunctional catalyst. Tetrahedron, 59(30), 5667-5675. doi:10.1016/s0040-4020(03)00908-6Kanemasa, S., & Ito, K. (2004). Double Catalytic Activation with Chiral Lewis Acid and Amine Catalysts. European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2004(23), 4741-4753. doi:10.1002/ejoc.200400277Ma, J.-A., & Cahard, D. (2004). Towards Perfect Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis: Dual Activation of the Electrophile and the Nucleophile. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 43(35), 4566-4583. doi:10.1002/anie.200300635Wang, Y., Li, H., Wang, Y.-Q., Liu, Y., Foxman, B. M., & Deng, L. (2007). Asymmetric Diels−Alder Reactions of 2-Pyrones with a Bifunctional Organic Catalyst. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 129(20), 6364-6365. doi:10.1021/ja070859hLin, Y.-M., Boucau, J., Li, Z., Casarotto, V., Lin, J., Nguyen, A. N., & Ehrmantraut, J. (2007). A Lewis Acid−Lewis Base Bifunctional Catalyst from a New Mixed Ligand. Organic Letters, 9(4), 567-570. doi:10.1021/ol0626903Corma, A., Ródenas, T., & Sabater, M. (2010). A Bifunctional Pd/MgO Solid Catalyst for the One-Pot Selective N-Monoalkylation of Amines with Alcohols. Chemistry - A European Journal, 16(1), 254-260. doi:10.1002/chem.200901501Ruiz, V. R., Corma, A., & Sabater, M. J. (2010). New route for the synthesis of benzimidazoles by a one-pot multistep process with mono and bifunctional solid catalysts. Tetrahedron, 66(3), 730-735. doi:10.1016/j.tet.2009.11.048Boronat, M., Climent, M. J., Corma, A., Iborra, S., Montón, R., & Sabater, M. J. (2010). Bifunctional Acid-Base Ionic Liquid Organocatalysts with a Controlled Distance Between Acid and Base Sites. Chemistry - A European Journal, 16(4), 1221-1231. doi:10.1002/chem.200901519Boronat, M., Concepción, P., Corma, A., Navarro, M. T., Renz, M., & Valencia, S. (2009). Reactivity in the confined spaces of zeolites: the interplay between spectroscopy and theory to develop structure–activity relationships for catalysis. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 11(16), 2876. doi:10.1039/b821297jCorma, A., & Renz, M. (2007). A General Method for the Preparation of Ethers Using Water-Resistant Solid Lewis Acids. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 46(1-2), 298-300. doi:10.1002/anie.200604018Boronat, M., Corma, A., Renz, M., & Viruela, P. M. (2006). Predicting the Activity of Single Isolated Lewis Acid Sites in Solid Catalysts. Chemistry - A European Journal, 12(27), 7067-7077. doi:10.1002/chem.200600478Climent, M. J., Corma, A., De Frutos, P., Iborra, S., Noy, M., Velty, A., & Concepción, P. (2010). Chemicals from biomass: Synthesis of glycerol carbonate by transesterification and carbonylation with urea with hydrotalcite catalysts. The role of acid–base pairs. Journal of Catalysis, 269(1), 140-149. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2009.11.001Climent, M. J., Corma, A., Iborra, S., Mifsud, M., & Velty, A. (2010). New one-pot multistep process with multifunctional catalysts: decreasing the E factor in the synthesis of fine chemicals. Green Chem., 12(1), 99-107. doi:10.1039/b919660aCorma, A., Iborra, S., & Velty, A. (2007). Chemical Routes for the Transformation of Biomass into Chemicals. Chemical Reviews, 107(6), 2411-2502. doi:10.1021/cr050989dCliment, M. J., Corma, A., & Iborra, S. (2011). Heterogeneous Catalysts for the One-Pot Synthesis of Chemicals and Fine Chemicals. Chemical Reviews, 111(2), 1072-1133. doi:10.1021/cr1002084Koshland, D. E. (1958). Application of a Theory of Enzyme Specificity to Protein Synthesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 44(2), 98-104. doi:10.1073/pnas.44.2.98Bass, J. D., Solovyov, A., Pascall, A. J., & Katz, A. (2006). Acid−Base Bifunctional and Dielectric Outer-Sphere Effects in Heterogeneous Catalysis:  A Comparative Investigation of Model Primary Amine Catalysts. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 128(11), 3737-3747. doi:10.1021/ja057395cVasella, A., Davies, G. J., & Böhm, M. (2002). Glycosidase mechanisms. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 6(5), 619-629. doi:10.1016/s1367-5931(02)00380-0Drexler, M. (2003). The effect of solvents on the heterogeneous synthesis of flavanone over MgO. Journal of Catalysis, 214(1), 136-145. doi:10.1016/s0021-9517(02)00013-1Fuentes, A., Marinas, J. M., & Sinisterra, J. V. (1987). Catalyzed synthesis of chalcones under interfacial solid-liquid conditions with ultrasound. Tetrahedron Letters, 28(39), 4541-4544. doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(00)96558-4Climent, M. ., Corma, A., Iborra, S., & Velty, A. (2004). Activated hydrotalcites as catalysts for the synthesis of chalcones of pharmaceutical interest. Journal of Catalysis, 221(2), 474-482. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2003.09.012Shen, J., Wang, H., Liu, H., Sun, Y., & Liu, Z. (2008). Brønsted acidic ionic liquids as dual catalyst and solvent for environmentally friendly synthesis of chalcone. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 280(1-2), 24-28. doi:10.1016/j.molcata.2007.10.021Ballesteros, J. F., Sanz, M. J., Ubeda, A., Miranda, M. A., Iborra, S., Paya, M., & Alcaraz, M. J. (1995). 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The Courel Mountains UNESCO Global Geopark: An Amazing Geological History Extended Along 600 Million Years

[EN] The Courel Mountains UNESCO Global Geopark (2019) stands out in SW of Europe because of its geoheritage, its biodiversity and its cultural heritage, all of it considered of international interest. These aspects shape the local development economic and cultural improvement and development. The geoheritage is the result of three geological cycles since the Proterozoic, involving the Cadomian-Avalonian-Pan-African orogeny, the opening of the Rheic Ocean and the Variscan orogeny, and finally the Permian-Mesozoic continental expansion and the Alpine orogeny. The geological history of Courel Mountains is one of singular rocks, huge recumbent folds, valuable metallic mineralization, and invertebrate fossils preserved within metamorphic rocks. This long history is recorded in an exceptional Variscan basement that we can ravel thanks to the exhumation during the Alpine uplifting, when the present-day Courel Mountains were built.Peer reviewe

Development of a versatile laboratory experiment to teach the metabolic transformation of hydrolysis

In this paper we describe an easy, reliable, versatile and inexpensive laboratory experiment to teach the metabolic transformation of hydrolysis to Pharmacy students. The experiment does not require the sacrifice of any experimental animal, or any work with organs or tissues, and so can be implemented in a typical university chemistry laboratory. We used acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), hexyl salicylate (HS) and two enzymes, a lipase and an esterase. Since both ASS and HS liberate salicylic acid (SA) upon hydrolysis, students can evaluate the different enzymatic transformations by monitoring the amount of SA liberated. The learning outcomes are an enhanced student understanding of: (1) the process of hydrolysis; (2) the application of enzymatic transformations of molecules from food to xenobiotics; (3) the differences between the general specificity of substrate of both enzymes; (4) the concepts of the lipophilic pocket; (5) the catalytic triad and its regioselectivity in relation to the ester bond. A questionnaire was administered to participating students at three points in time: at the beginning of the module, after enzymatic hydrolysis was taught in class, and after the laboratory experiment. From an analysis of the questionnaire data we conclude that this practical helped Pharmacy students to understand these concepts

Pathological response in a triple-negative breast cancer cohort treated with neoadjuvant carboplatin and docetaxel according to Lehmann's refined classification

Purpose: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) requires the identification of reliable predictors of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). For this purpose, we aimed to evaluate the performance of the TNBCtype-4 classifier in a cohort of patients with TNBC treated with neoadjuvant carboplatin and docetaxel (TCb). Methods: Patients with TNBC were accrued in a nonrandomized trial of neoadjuvant carboplatin AUC 6 and docetaxel 75 mg/m2 for six cycles. Response was evaluated in terms of pathologic complete response (pCR, ypT0/is ypN0) and residual cancer burden by Symmans and colleagues. Lehmann's subtyping was performed using the TNBCtype online tool from RNAseq data, and germline sequencing of a panel of seven DNA damage repair genes was conducted. Results: Ninety-four out of the 121 patients enrolled in the trial had RNAseq available. The overall pCR rate was 44.7%. Lehmann subtype distribution was 34.0% BL1, 20.2% BL2, 23.4% M, 14.9% LAR, and 7.4% were classified as ERþ. Response to NACT with TCb was significantly associated with Lehmann subtype (P ¼ 0.027), even in multivariate analysis including tumor size and nodal involvement, with BL1 patients achieving the highest pCR rate (65.6%), followed by BL2 (47.4%), M (36.4%), and LAR (21.4%). BL1 was associated with a significant younger age at diagnosis and higher ki67 values. Among our 10 germline mutation carriers, 30% were BL1, 40% were BL2, and 30% were M. Conclusions: TNBCtype-4 is associated with significantly different pCR rates for the different subtypes, with BL1 and LAR displaying the best and worse responses to NACT, respectively

Diet quality index as a predictor of treatment efficacy in overweight and obese adolescents: The EVASYON study

Background & aim: A diet quality index (DQI) is a tool that provides an overall score of an individual''s dietary intake when assessing compliance with food-based dietary guidelines. A number of DQIs have emerged, albeit their associations with health-related outcomes are debated. The aim of the present study was to assess whether adherence to dietary intervention, and the overall quality of the diet, can predict body composition changes. Methods: To this purpose, overweight/obese adolescents (n = 117, aged: 13–16 years; 51 males, 66 females) were recruited into a multi-component (diet, physical activity and psychological support) family-based group treatment programme. We measured the adolescents’ compliance and body composition at baseline and after 2 months (intensive phase) and 13 months (extensive phase) of follow-up. Also, at baseline, after 6 months, and at the end of follow-up we calculated the DQI. Results: Global compliance with the dietary intervention was 37.4% during the intensive phase, and 14.3% during the extensive phase. Physical activity compliance was 94.1% at 2-months and 34.7% at 13months and psychological support compliance were growing over the intervention period (10.3% intensive phase and 45.3% during extensive phase). Adolescents complying with the meal frequency criteria at the end of the extensive phase had greater reductions in FMI z-scores than those did not complying (Cohen''s d = 0.53). A statistically significant association was observed with the diet quality index. DQI-A variation explained 98.1% of BMI z-score changes and 95.1% of FMI changes. Conclusions: We conclude that assessment of changes in diet quality could be a useful tool in predicting body composition changes in obese adolescents involved in a diet and physical activity intervention programme backed-up by psychological and family support

Internet of Things in Agricultural Innovation and Security

The agricultural Internet of Things (Ag-IoT) paradigm has tremendous potential in transparent integration of underground soil sensing, farm machinery, and sensor-guided irrigation systems with the complex social network of growers, agronomists, crop consultants, and advisors. The aim of the IoT in agricultural innovation and security chapter is to present agricultural IoT research and paradigm to promote sustainable production of safe, healthy, and profitable crop and animal agricultural products. This chapter covers the IoT platform to test optimized management strategies, engage farmer and industry groups, and investigate new and traditional technology drivers that will enhance resilience of the farmers to the socio-environmental changes. A review of state-of-the-art communication architectures and underlying sensing technologies and communication mechanisms is presented with coverage of recent advances in the theory and applications of wireless underground communications. Major challenges in Ag-IoT design and implementation are also discussed

Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV: Mapping the Milky Way, Nearby Galaxies, and the Distant Universe

We describe the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV), a project encompassing three major spectroscopic programs. The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) is observing hundreds of thousands of Milky Way stars at high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratios in the near-infrared. The Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey is obtaining spatially resolved spectroscopy for thousands of nearby galaxies (median $z\sim 0.03$). The extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) is mapping the galaxy, quasar, and neutral gas distributions between $z\sim 0.6$ and 3.5 to constrain cosmology using baryon acoustic oscillations, redshift space distortions, and the shape of the power spectrum. Within eBOSS, we are conducting two major subprograms: the SPectroscopic IDentification of eROSITA Sources (SPIDERS), investigating X-ray AGNs and galaxies in X-ray clusters, and the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS), obtaining spectra of variable sources. All programs use the 2.5 m Sloan Foundation Telescope at the Apache Point Observatory; observations there began in Summer 2014. APOGEE-2 also operates a second near-infrared spectrograph at the 2.5 m du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory, with observations beginning in early 2017. Observations at both facilities are scheduled to continue through 2020. In keeping with previous SDSS policy, SDSS-IV provides regularly scheduled public data releases; the first one, Data Release 13, was made available in 2016 July

Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV: Mapping the Milky Way, Nearby Galaxies, and the Distant Universe

We describe the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV), a project encompassing three major spectroscopic programs. The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) is observing hundreds of thousands of Milky Way stars at high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratios in the near-infrared. The Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey is obtaining spatially resolved spectroscopy for thousands of nearby galaxies (median $z\sim 0.03$). The extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) is mapping the galaxy, quasar, and neutral gas distributions between $z\sim 0.6$ and 3.5 to constrain cosmology using baryon acoustic oscillations, redshift space distortions, and the shape of the power spectrum. Within eBOSS, we are conducting two major subprograms: the SPectroscopic IDentification of eROSITA Sources (SPIDERS), investigating X-ray AGNs and galaxies in X-ray clusters, and the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS), obtaining spectra of variable sources. All programs use the 2.5 m Sloan Foundation Telescope at the Apache Point Observatory; observations there began in Summer 2014. APOGEE-2 also operates a second near-infrared spectrograph at the 2.5 m du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory, with observations beginning in early 2017. Observations at both facilities are scheduled to continue through 2020. In keeping with previous SDSS policy, SDSS-IV provides regularly scheduled public data releases; the first one, Data Release 13, was made available in 2016 July

Elective Cancer Surgery in COVID-19-Free Surgical Pathways During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: An International, Multicenter, Comparative Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: As cancer surgery restarts after the first COVID-19 wave, health care providers urgently require data to determine where elective surgery is best performed. This study aimed to determine whether COVID-19-free surgical pathways were associated with lower postoperative pulmonary complication rates compared with hospitals with no defined pathway. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This international, multicenter cohort study included patients who underwent elective surgery for 10 solid cancer types without preoperative suspicion of SARS-CoV-2. Participating hospitals included patients from local emergence of SARS-CoV-2 until April 19, 2020. At the time of surgery, hospitals were defined as having a COVID-19-free surgical pathway (complete segregation of the operating theater, critical care, and inpatient ward areas) or no defined pathway (incomplete or no segregation, areas shared with patients with COVID-19). The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications (pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, unexpected ventilation). RESULTS: Of 9,171 patients from 447 hospitals in 55 countries, 2,481 were operated on in COVID-19-free surgical pathways. Patients who underwent surgery within COVID-19-free surgical pathways were younger with fewer comorbidities than those in hospitals with no defined pathway but with similar proportions of major surgery. After adjustment, pulmonary complication rates were lower with COVID-19-free surgical pathways (2.2% v 4.9%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.86). This was consistent in sensitivity analyses for low-risk patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists grade 1/2), propensity score-matched models, and patients with negative SARS-CoV-2 preoperative tests. The postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was also lower in COVID-19-free surgical pathways (2.1% v 3.6%; aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.76). CONCLUSION: Within available resources, dedicated COVID-19-free surgical pathways should be established to provide safe elective cancer surgery during current and before future SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks