143 research outputs found

    Bioaccumulation du Sélénium et effets biologiques induits chez le bivalve filtreur Corbicula Fluminea

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    Le sĂ©lĂ©nium est un micronutriment essentiel pour la majoritĂ© des organismes vivants. Cependant, des effets toxiques du sĂ©lĂ©nium dans de nombreux Ă©cosystĂšmes ont Ă©tĂ© rapportĂ©s dans la littĂ©rature. La comprĂ©hension de cette toxicitĂ© est rendue difficile par la complexitĂ© des degrĂ©s d’oxydation du sĂ©lĂ©nium dans l’environnement. Le but de ce travail de thĂšse Ă©tait d’acquĂ©rir des connaissances sur les facteurs physiologiques et environnementaux impliquĂ©s dans les processus de bioaccumulation et de toxicitĂ© du sĂ©lĂ©nium chez le bivalve filtreur C. fluminea. Les objectifs Ă©taient : i) de dĂ©finir quels Ă©taient les facteurs impliquĂ©s dans les processus de bioaccumulation du sĂ©lĂ©nium chez le bivalve ; ii) de caractĂ©riser la bioaccumulation du sĂ©lĂ©nium Ă  diffĂ©rents niveaux d’organisation biologique ; iii) d’apprĂ©hender les effets toxiques du sĂ©lĂ©nium. Les premiĂšres expĂ©riences menĂ©es Ă  court terme (3 jours), ont permis de souligner l’importance de la spĂ©ciation chimique du sĂ©lĂ©nium dans les processus de bioaccumulation chez C. fluminea. Il a Ă©tĂ© montrĂ© que la forme organique, sĂ©lĂ©nomĂ©thionine, Ă©tait beaucoup plus biodisponible que les formes inorganiques, sĂ©lĂ©nite et sĂ©lĂ©niate. En outre, la voie de transfert est apparue dĂ©terminante dans ces processus. Les formes inorganiques ont Ă©tĂ© mieux extraites par la voie trophique, tandis que la SeMet a Ă©tĂ© mieux extraite par la voie directe. Dans nos conditions expĂ©rimentales, la ventilation du bivalve n’a pas Ă©tĂ© un facteur limitant pour la bioaccumulation du sĂ©lĂ©nium par la voie directe, mais elle l’a Ă©tĂ© pour la bioaccumulation du sĂ©lĂ©nium par la voie trophique. La ventilation du bivalve a largement Ă©tĂ© affectĂ©e par la prĂ©sence de sĂ©lĂ©nite et de SeMet dissous. Nous avons montrĂ© que les cinĂ©tiques de bioaccumulation de la SeMet Ă©taient beaucoup rapides que celles du sĂ©lĂ©nite. En outre, apportĂ© sous forme de SeMet, le sĂ©lĂ©nium internalisĂ© est apparu relativement rĂ©manent dans le corps mou de C. fluminea par rapport au Se apportĂ© sous forme de sĂ©lĂ©nite. Les rĂ©partitions subcellulaires et molĂ©culaires de ces formes ont Ă©tĂ© trĂšs diffĂ©rentes. Enfin, il a Ă©tĂ© montrĂ© que la SeMet et le sĂ©lĂ©nite pouvaient engendrer de faibles altĂ©rations du statut anti-oxydant et de l’expression gĂ©nĂ©tique chez C. fluminea. En revanche, d’importantes modifications de l’ultrastructure du tissu branchial ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©es aprĂšs exposition au sĂ©lĂ©nite et Ă  la SeMet.Selenium is an essential micronutrient for most of living organisms. However, toxic effects in several ecosystems have been reported in the literature. Toxicity comprehension is difficult due to the complexity of Se oxidation states in the environment. The aim of this thesis work was to acquire knowledge on the physiological and environmental factors involved in bioaccumulation and toxicity processes in the freshwater filter-feeding bivalve C. fluminea. The aims were : i) to define what the factors involved in Se bioaccumulation processes in the bivalve are, ii) to characterize Se bioaccumulation at different biological organisation levels, iii) to investigate Se toxic effects. First experiments, carried out for short term exposure duration (3 days), have permitted to underline the importance of Se chemical speciation in bioaccumulation processes in C. fluminea. It has been shown that the organic form, selenomethionine, was much more bioavailable than the inorganic forms, selenite and selenate. Moreover, the route of transfer was determinant in thoses processes. Inorganic forms have been better extracted by trophic route, whereas selenomethionine has been better extracted by the direct route. In our experimental conditions, ventilation of the bivalve has not been a limitant factor for Se bioaccumulation by the direct route, whereas it has been for bioaccumulation by the trophic route. Ventilation has been largely modified by the presence of dissolved selenite and selenomethionine. We have shown that the kinetics of selenomethionine bioaccumulation are much more fast than those of selenite. Moreover, when introduced as SeMet, internalised Se appeared to be relatively remanent in soft tissues of C. fluminea in comparison with Se internalised when introduced as selenite. Subcellular and molecular distributions of these forms were very different. Finally, it has been shown that selenomethionine and selenite could generate weak alterations of the anti-oxidant status and the genetic expression in C. fluminea. On the other hand, important ultrastructural modifications of gill tissues have been observed after selenite and selenomethionine exposure

    Les mots français en -eur (-euse) / -aire en anglais contemporain : emprunt et création lexicale.

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    International audienceFrench words ending in-eur (-euse) and-aire in contemporary english : borrowing and word-formation The process of borrowing from French to English represents a major step in the constitution of the English lexicon. Our study focuses specifically on words ending in-eur,-euse and-aire. A brief historical outlook of this phenomenon reveals that the resort to French words is linked to the geopolitical situation of the country. The creation of a representative corpus of analysis (210 words ending in-eur and-euse, and 87 ending in-aire) implies taking parameters such as source or contemporaneousness into account. It turns out that most of these items are directly borrowed from French. Nevertheless, we can observe an activity of lexical creativity in contemporary English, which is confined to specific parts of the lexicon. The attested germanic suffixes-er,-or and-ary are indeed much more productive in English. The suffixes-eur,-euse and-aire are only active in English in semantic domains which are highly specific:-eur is attested in blends related to the emergence of new technologies (netpreneur, technopreneur), whereas-aire is productive among blends referring to the notion of "millionaire" (squillionaire, zillionaire). Contemporary English attributes a morphological status to these three suffixes of French origin, but use them mainly in the formation of blends. A phonological viewpoint associated with a frequency data analysis enables to bring forth a different perspective on these issues. The opacification of the etymological relations of the source language does not systematically trigger an integration of the phonological characteristics of the target language. Indeed, the lexical creations at stake, despite showing an integration of the morphological processes of English as well as a relevant usage frequency, maintain a demarcative final stress, representative of the French language.Le processus d'emprunt au français en anglais représente un phénomÚne majeur de l'histoire de la constitution du stock lexical anglais. Notre étude est centrée spécifiquement sur les termes qui se terminent en-eur (-euse) /-aire. Un aperçu historique du phénomÚne montre que le recours à l'emprunt au français est directement lié à la situation géopolitique du pays. L'élaboration d'un corpus d'analyse représentatif (210 mots en-eur et-euse, et 87 en-aire) suppose la prise en compte de paramÚtres tels que la source considérée ou encore la contemporanéité de l'item. Il s'avÚre que la plupart de ces termes sont des emprunts directs au français. Néanmoins, nous observons en anglais contemporain un processus localisé de création lexicale, mineur en raison de la concurrence des suffixes d'origine germanique-er,-or et-ary. Les suffixes-eur (-euse) et-aire sont uniquement productifs en anglais dans des domaines sémantiques spécifiques :-eur apparaßt dans des formations amalgamées relatives au domaine de l'entreprise (netrepreneur, technopreneur), tandis que-aire forme des substantifs englobant la notion de «millionaire» (squillionaire, zillionaire). L'anglais contemporain reconnaßt l'existence morphologique de ces trois suffixes français, mais les utilise davantage au sein de formations amalgamées. Le recours à la phonologie et à une analyse fréquentielle apporte un éclairage sur ces problÚmes lexicologiques. L'opacification des relations étymologiques de la langue source n'entraßne pas nécessairement une intégration des caractéristiques phonologiques de la langue cible. Les créations lexicales conservent en majorité une accentuation démarcative finale, typique du français, malgré une intégration des caractéristiques lexicographiques de l'anglais et une fréquence d'utilisation non négligeable

    Stress in Prefixed Disyllabic Verb/Noun Pairs

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    International audienceSummary of stress variation, data consistency between dictionaries, and detailed analysis of two parameters: frequency (from COCAE data) and vowel quality (full and/or reduced vowe

    LOW RESOLUTION CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK FOR AUTOMATIC TARGET RECOGNITION

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    International audienceIn this work, we present an extended study of image representations for automatic target recognition (ATR). More specifically , we tackle the issue of the image resolution influence on the classification performances, an understudied yet major parameter in image classification. Besides, we propose a parallel between low-resolution image recognition and image classification in a fine-grained context. Indeed, in these two particular cases, the main difficulty is to discriminate small details on very similar objects. In this paper, we evaluate Fisher Vectors and deep representations on two significant publicly available fine-grained oriented datasets with respect to the input image resolution. We also introduce LR-CNN, a deep structure designed for classification of low-resolution images with strong semantic content. This net provides rich compact features and outperforms both pre-trained deep features and Fisher Vectors. We also present visual results of our LR-CNN on Thales near-infrared images

    "Draw Belgium": Federal Representations, Perceptions, and Preferences of French-speaking Belgian University Students

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    In an experimental design, we asked 234 French-speaking Belgian university students to “draw Belgium”. No other guidelines were given. In addition to this request, the students were asked to fill in a 19-question questionnaire about their federal perceptions and preferences as well as political and socio-demographic indicators. This experimental research is an attempt to capture the relationships between representations and perceptions of federalism in Belgium. This short preliminary report offers the first results and insight from this research. Further analyses and publications will follow.« Dessinez la Belgique », telle est l’unique consigne que 234 Ă©tudiants universitaires belges francophones ont reçue le 4 dĂ©cembre dernier. Appliquant consciencieusement cette consigne inhabituelle et trĂšs large sur la feuille A4 vierge qui Ă©tait fournie, certains ont dessinĂ© le contour de la Belgique, d’autres ont complĂ©tĂ© cette reprĂ©sentation graphique avec certains dĂ©tails – dont la mer du nord, la frontiĂšre linguistique, Bruxelles ou LiĂšge –, d’autres encore ont prĂ©fĂ©rĂ© une reprĂ©sentation plus symbolique en dessinant un lion flamand et un coq wallon. En plus de dessiner la Belgique, il Ă©tait demandĂ© aux Ă©tudiants de rĂ©pondre Ă  dix-neuf questions permettant de connaĂźtre leurs perceptions et prĂ©fĂ©rences fĂ©dĂ©rales ainsi que leur Ă©ventuel intĂ©rĂȘt pour la politique et leurs caractĂ©ristiques socio-dĂ©mographiques. Ainsi, la combinaison des reprĂ©sentations graphiques, d’une part, et les rĂ©ponses au questionnaire, d’autre part, devrait permettre de mieux comprendre les reprĂ©sentations, les perceptions et les prĂ©fĂ©rences fĂ©dĂ©rales de jeunes citoyens belges – comprĂ©hension nĂ©cessaire dans le contexte politique belge et son Ă©volution. Dans ce court rapport, nous prĂ©sentons les rĂ©sultats prĂ©liminaires de cette recherche et quelques rĂ©flexions. Des analyses approfondies – accompagnĂ©es de traitements statistiques plus sophistiquĂ©es – des donnĂ©es conduiront dans les prochains mois Ă  la publication de plusieurs articles."Dessinez la Belgique

    Multicategorial Prefixed Words Stress Behaviour: Variation and Frequency

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    International audienceIn-depth analysis of intra- and inter-dialectal variation, and of the role of word frequenc

    Comparative Analysis of Acinetobacters: Three Genomes for Three Lifestyles

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    Acinetobacter baumannii is the source of numerous nosocomial infections in humans and therefore deserves close attention as multidrug or even pandrug resistant strains are increasingly being identified worldwide. Here we report the comparison of two newly sequenced genomes of A. baumannii. The human isolate A. baumannii AYE is multidrug resistant whereas strain SDF, which was isolated from body lice, is antibiotic susceptible. As reference for comparison in this analysis, the genome of the soil-living bacterium A. baylyi strain ADP1 was used. The most interesting dissimilarities we observed were that i) whereas strain AYE and A. baylyi genomes harbored very few Insertion Sequence elements which could promote expression of downstream genes, strain SDF sequence contains several hundred of them that have played a crucial role in its genome reduction (gene disruptions and simple DNA loss); ii) strain SDF has low catabolic capacities compared to strain AYE. Interestingly, the latter has even higher catabolic capacities than A. baylyi which has already been reported as a very nutritionally versatile organism. This metabolic performance could explain the persistence of A. baumannii nosocomial strains in environments where nutrients are scarce; iii) several processes known to play a key role during host infection (biofilm formation, iron uptake, quorum sensing, virulence factors) were either different or absent, the best example of which is iron uptake. Indeed, strain AYE and A. baylyi use siderophore-based systems to scavenge iron from the environment whereas strain SDF uses an alternate system similar to the Haem Acquisition System (HAS). Taken together, all these observations suggest that the genome contents of the 3 Acinetobacters compared are partly shaped by life in distinct ecological niches: human (and more largely hospital environment), louse, soil

    Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

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    A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

    Search for single production of vector-like quarks decaying into Wb in pp collisions at s=8\sqrt{s} = 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

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