Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

5to. Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad. Memoria académica

El V Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad, CITIS 2019, realizado del 6 al 8 de febrero de 2019 y organizado por la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, ofreció a la comunidad académica nacional e internacional una plataforma de comunicación unificada, dirigida a cubrir los problemas teóricos y prácticos de mayor impacto en la sociedad moderna desde la ingeniería. En esta edición, dedicada a los 25 años de vida de la UPS, los ejes temáticos estuvieron relacionados con la aplicación de la ciencia, el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación en cinco pilares fundamentales de nuestra sociedad: la industria, la movilidad, la sostenibilidad ambiental, la información y las telecomunicaciones. El comité científico estuvo conformado formado por 48 investigadores procedentes de diez países: España, Reino Unido, Italia, Bélgica, México, Venezuela, Colombia, Brasil, Estados Unidos y Ecuador. Fueron recibidas un centenar de contribuciones, de las cuales 39 fueron aprobadas en forma de ponencias y 15 en formato poster. Estas contribuciones fueron presentadas de forma oral ante toda la comunidad académica que se dio cita en el Congreso, quienes desde el aula magna, el auditorio y la sala de usos múltiples de la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, cumplieron respetuosamente la responsabilidad de representar a toda la sociedad en la revisión, aceptación y validación del conocimiento nuevo que fue presentado en cada exposición por los investigadores. Paralelo a las sesiones técnicas, el Congreso contó con espacios de presentación de posters científicos y cinco workshops en temáticas de vanguardia que cautivaron la atención de nuestros docentes y estudiantes. También en el marco del evento se impartieron un total de ocho conferencias magistrales en temas tan actuales como la gestión del conocimiento en la universidad-ecosistema, los retos y oportunidades de la industria 4.0, los avances de la investigación básica y aplicada en mecatrónica para el estudio de robots de nueva generación, la optimización en ingeniería con técnicas multi-objetivo, el desarrollo de las redes avanzadas en Latinoamérica y los mundos, la contaminación del aire debido al tránsito vehicular, el radón y los riesgos que representa este gas radiactivo para la salud humana, entre otros

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Pooled analysis of WHO Surgical Safety Checklist use and mortality after emergency laparotomy

Background The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist has fostered safe practice for 10 years, yet its place in emergency surgery has not been assessed on a global scale. The aim of this study was to evaluate reported checklist use in emergency settings and examine the relationship with perioperative mortality in patients who had emergency laparotomy. Methods In two multinational cohort studies, adults undergoing emergency laparotomy were compared with those having elective gastrointestinal surgery. Relationships between reported checklist use and mortality were determined using multivariable logistic regression and bootstrapped simulation. Results Of 12 296 patients included from 76 countries, 4843 underwent emergency laparotomy. After adjusting for patient and disease factors, checklist use before emergency laparotomy was more common in countries with a high Human Development Index (HDI) (2455 of 2741, 89.6 per cent) compared with that in countries with a middle (753 of 1242, 60.6 per cent; odds ratio (OR) 0.17, 95 per cent c.i. 0.14 to 0.21, P <0001) or low (363 of 860, 422 per cent; OR 008, 007 to 010, P <0.001) HDI. Checklist use was less common in elective surgery than for emergency laparotomy in high-HDI countries (risk difference -94 (95 per cent c.i. -11.9 to -6.9) per cent; P <0001), but the relationship was reversed in low-HDI countries (+121 (+7.0 to +173) per cent; P <0001). In multivariable models, checklist use was associated with a lower 30-day perioperative mortality (OR 0.60, 0.50 to 073; P <0.001). The greatest absolute benefit was seen for emergency surgery in low- and middle-HDI countries. Conclusion Checklist use in emergency laparotomy was associated with a significantly lower perioperative mortality rate. Checklist use in low-HDI countries was half that in high-HDI countries.Peer reviewe

Propuesta de mejora del control de tiempos y temperaturas en la etapa de preparación de la materia prima atún para optimizar la calidad en la empresa Seafrost S.A.C. – Paita. Perú.2021

En el mundo competitivo en que vivimos ofrecer productos de calidad demanda un mayor esfuerzo para lograr la excelencia, para tal fin debemos de poner énfasis en la mejora constante de los procesos. Es en esta dirección que el presente trabajo de investigación, sustentado en un enfoque y diseño del tipo cualitativo – cuantitativo, muestra la relación que mantiene el control de tiempos y temperaturas en la etapa de preparación de la materia prima para optimizar la calidad en la producción de conserva de pescado. Asimismo, no se debe perder de vista que una deficiente clasificación de la especie contribuye a la no uniformidad de temperatura. Teniendo esto en cuenta, se recomienda analizar los procesos periódicamente en las diferentes etapas de la preparación de la materia prima y mantener un control adecuado de tiempos y temperatura. Además de obtener la satisfacción del consumidor incrementará los resultados financieros

Redes sociales y mujeres organizadas para la producción de ovinos en Salinas, San Luis Potosí.

The dynamics of agricultural and livestock production units, managed by groups of organized men and women producers, represent the result of collective abilities for management and distribution of inputs of organization and trust. This allows characterizing the organizational profile with which these social groups are mobilized and locating the elements or actors that are central in the distribution of the benefits of the organizations. The Social Network Analysis (SNA) facilitated the analysis of the groups in function of their organizational quality and to identify, through the analysis of the exchange of the input of trust between women sheep producers, the possibility of establishing social network processes through actors with the potential of connecting different work groups. The groups analyzed showed an incipient organization fed by kinship processes and relational diversity that moved from the centralization of social prominence to the location of actors that linked different groups.La dinámica de las unidades de producción agropecuaria, gestionadas por grupos de productoras(es) organizadas(os), representa el resultado de capacidades colectivas de gestión y distribución de insumos de organización y confianza. Esto permitió caracterizar el perfil organizativo con el que se movilizan estos grupos sociales y localizar aquellos elementos o actores que son centrales en la distribución de los beneficios de las organizaciones. El Análisis de Redes Sociales (ARS) facilitó el análisis de los grupos en función de su calidad organizacional e identificar, por medio del análisis del intercambio del insumo de confianza entre productoras de ovinos, la posibilidad de establecer procesos de red social a través de actores con el potencial de vincular a diferentes grupos de trabajo. Los grupos analizados mostraron una incipiente organización nutrida de procesos de parentesco y diversidad relacional que se desplazó desde la centralización de la prominencia social hasta la ubicación de actores que vincularon a grupos diferentes

Between the hygiene and the salvation: Cognitive framework, metaphors and educative work of psychologists in Chilean schools

The purpose of the article is to understand the metaphors produced by psychologists to organize and define their work in Chilean schools. Considering that metaphor, rather than a rhetorical embellishment, is a linguistic figure that affects our ways of perceiving, thinking and acting in social reality, in this research, positioned from the Critical Discourse Studies, we examine its ideological potential to build and perpetuate particular visions of the world. According to this, we interviewed seven psychologists who work in schools classified as "emerging"within the framework of the Chilean Policy called Ley de Subvención Escolar Preferencial . We analyze discursively the information produced with a special emphasis on the rhetorical movements that revealed metaphors. Our main findings were two frameworks that join metaphors that psychologists use to explain their work in the schools: hygienist frame and salvation frame. Each one promotes particular conceptions of education, roles of school, the participation of the actors, and psychologist s work. Conflictly interconnected around a structural metaphor that conceives education as a commodity and school as a company, these frames are discussed from the interconnections between psychology and education in a context of educational neoliberalization and from the need to build alternative frames to market hegemony

Tratamiento del Pectus excavatum con cirugía minimamente invasiva con la técnica de Donald Nuss.

El Pectus excavatum, es una malformación congénita de la pared anterior del tórax, caracterizada por una depresión del esternón. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico en pacientes con pectus excavatum, utilizando la técnica de Nuss. Material y métodos: Diez pacientes con Pectus excavatum, de 6 a 22 años, operados, fueron incluidos. El seguimiento fue de 2 a 14 meses. Resultados: La edad promedio fue 11,5 años, ocho fueron varones, seis tuvieron pectus excavatum simétrico, el Índice de Haller promedio fue 5,1. La indicación de cirugía fue sintomatología broncopulmonar en 4, cuatro cardiológica, uno psicológico y otro recidiva de pectus Post-Ravitch. En todos los pacientes se implantó una barra metálica con dos estabilizadores, el tiempo operatorio fue entre 2 y 4 horas y la estancia hospitalaria, 7 días. Tres pacientes presentaron complicaciones postoperatorias: neumotórax en dos y en uno fijación inadecuada; en el seguimiento los pacientes no fueron asintomáticas y todos mostraron satisfacción con el tratamiento. Conclusiones: La técnica de Donald Nuss es un procedimiento que corrige el Pectus Excavatum, reduce el tiempo operatorio y estancia hospitalaria, con presentación de complicaciones menores y resultados clínico-psicológicos satisfactorios.(Rev Med Hered 2011;22:108-114)

Tratamiento del Pectus excavatum con cirugía minimamente invasiva con la técnica de Donald Nuss

El Pectus excavatum, es una malformación congénita de la pared anterior del tórax, caracterizada por una depresión del esternón. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico en pacientes con pectus excavatum, utilizando la técnica de Nuss. Material y métodos: Diez pacientes con Pectus excavatum, de 6 a 22 años, operados, fueron incluidos. El seguimiento fue de 2 a 14 meses. Resultados: La edad promedio fue 11,5 años, ocho fueron varones, seis tuvieron pectus excavatum simétrico, el Índice de Haller promedio fue 5,1. La indicación de cirugía fue sintomatología broncopulmonar en 4, cuatro cardiológica, uno psicológico y otro recidiva de pectus Post-Ravitch. En todos los pacientes se implantó una barra metálica con dos estabilizadores, el tiempo operatorio fue entre 2 y 4 horas y la estancia hospitalaria, 7 días. Tres pacientes presentaron complicaciones postoperatorias: neumotórax en dos y en uno fijación inadecuada; en el seguimiento los pacientes no fueron asintomáticas y todos mostraron satisfacción con el tratamiento. Conclusiones: La técnica de Donald Nuss es un procedimiento que corrige el Pectus Excavatum, reduce el tiempo operatorio y estancia hospitalaria, con presentación de complicaciones menores y resultados clínico-psicológicos satisfactorios.(Rev Med Hered 2011;22:108-114)