Patogenicidade de fungos entomopatogênicos a três espécies de ácaros em cafeeiro

Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1939) and Oligonychus ilicis (McGregor, 1917) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae, Tetranychidae) are considered the main pest mites of coffee plants (Coffea spp.), causing damages such as leaf fall and reduction of the photosynthetic foliar area. Among their main natural enemies, the entomopathogenic fungi and predatory mites have great potential for biological control. However, the entomopathogenic fungi can, occasionally, also infect the predatory mites. The objective of this work was to evaluate the pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungi to the pest mites B. phoenicis and O. ilicis and to the predatory mite Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma, 1972 (Acari: Phytoseiidae). The experiments were carried out in a laboratory, using four strains of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. and one of the Lecanicillium sp. The mites were exposed to the fungi by spraying the pathogen in a Potter tower. For the B. phoenicis mite, the Lecanicillium sp. UFLA 70 strain caused 100% mortality in three days of exposure. For the O. ilicis species, the most effective treatments were UFLA 13 (B. bassiana) and UFLA 70 (Lecanicillium sp.) strains, which caused 70% of mortality. Most of the tested fungi strains were not pathogenic to the predator I. zuluagai, causing low mortality. Of all the fungi tested in this experiment, the most effective for B. phoenicis and O. ilicis was UFLA 70 of Lecanicillium sp., which caused high mortality of these pests, but did not cause a high mortality rate of the predatory mite I. zuluagai.Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1939) e Oligonychus ilicis (McGregor, 1917) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae, Tetranychidae) são considerados os principais ácaros-pragas do cafeeiro (Coffea spp.), pois causam danos, como a desfolha e a redução de área foliar de fotossíntese. Dentre os inimigos naturais associados, os fungos entomopatogênicos e os ácaros predadores têm grande potencial para serem utilizados no controle biológico de ácaros-praga; entretanto, os fungos podem ocasionalmente também infectar ácaros predadores. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a patogenicidade de fungos entomopatogênicos aos ácaros-praga B. phoenicis e O. ilicis e sobre o ácaro-predador Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma, 1972 (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Os bioensaios foram realizados em laboratório, utilizando-se quatro isolados do fungo entomopatogênico Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. e um de Lecanicillium sp., expondo os ácaros aos fungos mediante sua pulverização em torre de Potter. Para o ácaro B. phoenicis, o isolado UFLA 70 de Lecanicillium sp. promoveu 100% de mortalidade em três dias de exposição. Para a espécie O. ilicis, os tratamentos mais efetivos foram os isolados UFLA 13 (B. bassiana) e UFLA 70 (Lecanicillium sp.), os quais promoveram uma mortalidade de 70%. A maioria dos isolados não foi patogênica ao ácaro predador I. zuluagai, considerando que causou baixa mortalidade a ele. Dos fungos testados neste experimento, o isolado mais efetivo para B. phoenicis e O. ilicis foi UFLA 70 de Lecanicillium sp., que promoveu alta mortalidade dessas pragas, além de não causar elevada mortalidade ao caro predador I. zuluagai

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p<0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p<0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised

Pooled analysis of WHO Surgical Safety Checklist use and mortality after emergency laparotomy

Background The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist has fostered safe practice for 10 years, yet its place in emergency surgery has not been assessed on a global scale. The aim of this study was to evaluate reported checklist use in emergency settings and examine the relationship with perioperative mortality in patients who had emergency laparotomy. Methods In two multinational cohort studies, adults undergoing emergency laparotomy were compared with those having elective gastrointestinal surgery. Relationships between reported checklist use and mortality were determined using multivariable logistic regression and bootstrapped simulation. Results Of 12 296 patients included from 76 countries, 4843 underwent emergency laparotomy. After adjusting for patient and disease factors, checklist use before emergency laparotomy was more common in countries with a high Human Development Index (HDI) (2455 of 2741, 89.6 per cent) compared with that in countries with a middle (753 of 1242, 60.6 per cent; odds ratio (OR) 0.17, 95 per cent c.i. 0.14 to 0.21, P <0001) or low (363 of 860, 422 per cent; OR 008, 007 to 010, P <0.001) HDI. Checklist use was less common in elective surgery than for emergency laparotomy in high-HDI countries (risk difference -94 (95 per cent c.i. -11.9 to -6.9) per cent; P <0001), but the relationship was reversed in low-HDI countries (+121 (+7.0 to +173) per cent; P <0001). In multivariable models, checklist use was associated with a lower 30-day perioperative mortality (OR 0.60, 0.50 to 073; P <0.001). The greatest absolute benefit was seen for emergency surgery in low- and middle-HDI countries. Conclusion Checklist use in emergency laparotomy was associated with a significantly lower perioperative mortality rate. Checklist use in low-HDI countries was half that in high-HDI countries.Peer reviewe