ReLyMe: Improving Lyric-to-Melody Generation by Incorporating Lyric-Melody Relationships

Lyric-to-melody generation, which generates melody according to given lyrics, is one of the most important automatic music composition tasks. With the rapid development of deep learning, previous works address this task with end-to-end neural network models. However, deep learning models cannot well capture the strict but subtle relationships between lyrics and melodies, which compromises the harmony between lyrics and generated melodies. In this paper, we propose ReLyMe, a method that incorporates Relationships between Lyrics and Melodies from music theory to ensure the harmony between lyrics and melodies. Specifically, we first introduce several principles that lyrics and melodies should follow in terms of tone, rhythm, and structure relationships. These principles are then integrated into neural network lyric-to-melody models by adding corresponding constraints during the decoding process to improve the harmony between lyrics and melodies. We use a series of objective and subjective metrics to evaluate the generated melodies. Experiments on both English and Chinese song datasets show the effectiveness of ReLyMe, demonstrating the superiority of incorporating lyric-melody relationships from the music domain into neural lyric-to-melody generation.Comment: Accepted by ACMMM 2022, ora

X-ray Analysis of B2-Crystallin and Evolution of Oligomeric Lens Proteins.

THE β, γ-crystallins form a class of homologous proteins in the eye lens. Each γ-crystallin comprises four topologically equivalent, Greek key motifs; pairs of motifs are organized around a local dyad to give domains and two similar domains are in turn related by a further local dyad1–4. Sequence comparisons and model building predicted that hetero-oligomeric β-crystallins also had internally quadruplicated subunits, but with extensions at the N and C termini, indicating that β, γ-crystallins evolved in two duplication steps from an ancestral protein folded as a Greek key5–7. We report here the X-ray analysis at 2.1 Å resolution of βB2-crystall in homodimer which shows that the connecting peptide is extended and the two domains separated in a way quite unlike γ-crystallin. Domain interactions analogous to those within monomeric γ-crystallin are intermolecular and related by a crystallographic dyad in the βB2-crystallin dimer. This shows how oligomers can evolve by conserving an interface rather than connectivity. A further interaction between dimers suggests a model for more complex aggregates of β-crystallin in the len

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of bone remodeling

Physiological bone remodeling is a highly coordinated process responsible for bone resorption and formation and is necessary to repair damaged bone and to maintain mineral homeostasis. In addition to the traditional bone cells (osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes) that are necessary for bone remodeling, several immune cells have also been implicated in bone disease. This mini-review discusses physiological bone remodeling, outlining the traditional bone biology dogma in light of emerging osteoimmunology data. Specifically discussed in detail are the cellular and molecular mechanisms of bone remodeling, including events that orchestrate the five sequential phases of bone remodeling: activation, resorption, reversal, formation, and termination

Transforming growth factor-β1 to the bone

TGF-beta 1 is a ubiquitous growth factor that is implicated in the control of proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival of many different cell types. It influences such diverse processes as embryogenesis, angiogenesis, inflammation, and wound healing. In skeletal tissue, TGF-beta 1 plays a major role in development and maintenance, affecting both cartilage and bone metabolism, the latter being the subject of this review. Because it affects both cells of the osteoblast and osteoclast lineage, TGF-beta 1 is one of the most important factors in the bone environment, helping to retain the balance between the dynamic processes of bone resorption and bone formation. Many seemingly contradictory reports have been published on the exact functioning of TGF-beta 1 in the bone milieu. This review provides an overall picture of the bone-specific actions of TGF-beta 1 and reconciles experimental discrepancies that have been reported for this multifunctional cytokine