Radar observations of meteor trails, and their interpretation using Fresnel holography: a new tool in meteor science

Copyright © Author(s) 2004. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License.A Fresnel transform technique has been developed at Adelaide to analyse radar meteor echoes detected in the transverse mode. The genesis for this technique was the study of the structure of the scattering ionization immediately behind the head of the trail, in order to deduce the degree of fragmentation of the ablating meteoroid. The technique has been remarkably successful in not only giving insight into the fragmentation of meteoroids, but also revealing other significant features of the trails including diffusion, lateral motion of the trail during formation due to wind drift, and phase of the scattered signal in the vicinity of the head of the trail. A serendipitous outcome of the analysis is the measurement of the speed and deceleration of the meteoroid producing the trail to a precision far exceeding that available from any other method applied to transverse scatter data. Examples of the outcomes of the technique applied to meteor echoes obtained with a 54MHz narrow beam radar are presented.W. G. Elfor

HIV infection among ethnic minority and migrant men who have sex with men in Britain

Objectives: To examine HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) from different ethnic and migrant groups living in Britain. Methods: In 2007-2008 a diverse national sample of MSM living in Britain was surveyed online. Men were recruited through websites, in sexual health clinics, bars, clubs and other venues. Results: 991 ethnic minority MSM, 207 men born in Central or Eastern Europe (CEE), 136 men born in South or Central America (SCA) and 11,944 white British men were included in the analysis. Compared with white British men (13.1%), self-reported HIV prevalence was low for men of South Asian, Chinese and “other Asian” ethnicity (range 0.0-5.8%) and for men born in CEE (4.5%) but elevated for men born in SCA (18.7%) (p<0.001). There were no significant differences between these groups in high risk sexual behaviour (p=0.8). After adjusting for confounding factors in a multivariable model, substantial differences in the odds of HIV infection remained for South Asian and Chinese MSM as well as for migrants from CEE, but not for other groups (compared with white British men) ; e.g. South Asian men, adjusted odds ratio 0.43, 95% confidence interval 0.23, 0.79, p=0.007. Conclusion: Although there were marked differences in self-reported HIV prevalence between ethnic minority, key migrant and white British MSM in this study, we did not find corresponding differences in high risk sexual behaviour. This highlights the importance of health promotion targeting MSM from all ethnic and migrant groups in Britain regardless of HIV prevalence

Mothers\u27 Lived Experience of Parenting an Infant/Young Child with Special Needs in a Rural Context

Parenting an infant with special needs requires performing extra care giving duties and mothers living in rural communities face additional challenges obtaining health and social support services. A hermeneutic phenomenological approach was used to explore the lived experience of parenting young children with special needs from rural mothers’ perspectives. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of 7 mothers. Findings revealed an overarching theme entitled Getting Through It and 6 subthemes: Experiencing the Unexpected; Overcoming the Challenges to Mothering; Unconditional Commitment to Child; The Lived Human Relation as Powerful; Being a Care Co-ordinator; and Being Transformed. Mothers of infants with special needs face unique challenges including long commutes, accessing reliable information about funding and respite services and limited social networking opportunities. The findings can inform nurses, researchers and policy makers developing strategies to mitigate these challenges and better support mothers who have children with special needs in rural communities

The terms used for the priests and other clergy in the Anglo-Saxon period

Although the priests and other clergy of the Anglo-Saxon Church have received far less attention from modern scholars than the institutions which they staffed, attention is now turning again to these personnel, and especially to the ordained clergy below the rank of bishop. As yet, however, no new systematic survey has been carried out of the uses made in our primary sources for the Anglo-Saxon Church of the Latin and the Old English terms for these religious. Only by a fresh examination of each term, informed by our recently much improved understanding of how the Anglo-Saxon Church*s organisation for the delivery of pastoral care evolved from multi-priest minsters towards single-priest churches, and of how the roles of its personnel changed accordingly, may we test long-established ideas about how and why particular words were used and therefore how they should be translated into modern English. Whilst word constraints have limited the number of sources studied here, some tentative but potentially important conclusions have been reached on these various terms* usages by early medieval writers. Regrettably, however, no significant new light has been thrown on the hard question of how the Old English word preost is best understood and translated

A Comprehensive Music Education Program for the Public Schools of Salmon Arm, British Columbia

It was the purpose of the present writer in this study to outline a plan for the organization and administration of a comprehensive music department for Salmon Arm and the Municipality of Salmon Arm, British Columbia. Implicit in the study was the necessity to reconcile local administrative policies and financing with directives of the Department of Education