Expolio y servidumbre: apuntes sobre la llamada deuda de cuidados

El término de deuda de cuidados o deuda patriarcal ha sido utilizado desde hace un tiempo para significar la enorme cantidad de trabajo de cuidados que las mujeres han realizado históricamente y que los hombres han realizado en menor proporción. Este concepto surge en el marco del cuestionamiento de la legitimidad de la deuda financiera pública por parte de los movimientos sociales del Sur. En el actual contexto de crisis económica estos análisis ponen al descubierto que las medidas de austeridad, legitimadas por la exigencia de devolver la deuda ilegítima, no sólo suponen un flujo de transferencias desde la población hacia las élites políticas y financieras, sino también desde las mujeres hacia el conjunto de la sociedad. En este sentido, cobra especial interés realizar una conceptualización de la deuda patriarcal. Lo que pretendemos con este artículo es, precisamente, hacer este ejercicio y discutir sobre si la deuda patriarcal es realmente una deuda o, en caso contrario, cómo podría caracterizarse

Riqueza, distribución geográfica y estado de conservación del género Dahlia (Asteraceae) en México

Background and Aims: The genus Dahlia (Asteraceae) is native to the Americas and Mexico is its center of diversification. Dahlia is important in ornamental horticulture, and breeding programs have generated more than 15,000 varieties. Mexico represents the main source of germplasm; therefore, a study of its richness and geographical distribution is essential. The aims of this work were to analyze the species richness, geographical distribution and evaluate the conservation status of Dahlia in Mexico.Methods: A database with 1980 georeferenced observations was elaborated from herbarium specimens, publications and field collections. The information was analyzed using Geographic Information Systems to reveal the estimated species richness by political division, vegetation types, regions, biogeographical provinces, elevational, latitudinal and longitudinal ranges, a grid cell of 33 × 33 km, and Protected Natural Areas.Key results: Dahlia consists of 38 species, all growing in Mexico, 35 are endemic. The genus occurs in 26 states. Hidalgo and Oaxaca have the highest number of species, followed by Guerrero. Jalisco has the most records. Commonly, Dahlia grows in coniferous and oak forest. Its distribution ranges from 24 to 3810 m elevation; however, most species are found between 2000 and 2500 m. High species richness occurs in two areas; the first one is located in the Sierra Madre Oriental including northeastern Querétaro, eastern Guanajuato and southern San Luis Potosí; the second one is in the Sierra Madre del Sur in northwestern Oaxaca. Finally, 23 species grow within the boundaries of a Protected Natural Area, and the Sierra Gorda, state of Querétaro, concentrates the highest species number.Conclusions: The analyses of species richness and distribution showed that the greatest diversity of Dahlia is found in the Mexican Transition Zone, in the Sierra Madre del Sur and the Sierra Madre Oriental provinces.Antecedentes y Objetivos: El género Dahlia (Asteraceae) es nativo de América y México es su centro de diversificación. Dahlia es importante en la horticultura ornamental, su mejoramiento genético ha generado más de 15,000 variedades. México representa la principal fuente de germoplasma, por lo que un estudio sobre su riqueza y distribución geográfica es indispensable. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron analizar la riqueza de especies de Dahlia en México, su distribución geográfica y evaluar su estado de conservación.Métodos: Se elaboró una base de datos con 1980 registros georreferenciados, obtenidos de ejemplares de herbario, publicaciones y recolectas de campo. La información fue analizada utilizando Sistemas de Información Geográfica, se estimó la riqueza de especies por división política, tipos de vegetación, regiones, provincias biogeográficas, rangos elevacionales, latitudinales y longitudinales, una cuadrícula de 33 × 33 km y Áreas Naturales Protegidas.Resultados clave: Dahlia agrupa 38 especies, todas crecen en México, 35 son endémicas. El género está presente en 26 estados. Hidalgo y Oaxaca tienen el mayor número de especies, seguidos por Guerrero. Jalisco muestra el mayor esfuerzo de colecta. Comúnmente, Dahlia habita en bosques de coníferas y encino. Su rango de distribución abarca desde 24 hasta 3810 m de elevación, pero el mayor número de especies crece entre 2000 y 2500 m. Se encontraron dos áreas de alta riqueza de especies de Dahlia en México; la primera está en el noreste de Querétaro, este de Guanajuato y sureste de San Luis Potosí, en la Sierra Madre Oriental, la otra en el noroeste de Oaxaca, en la Sierra Madre del Sur. Finalmente, 23 especies viven dentro de un Área Natural Protegida. La Sierra Gorda en el estado de Querétaro concentra el mayor número de especies.Conclusiones: El análisis de la riqueza de especies y su distribución mostró que la mayor diversidad de Dahlia se encuentra en la Zona de Transición Mexicana en las provincias Sierra Madre del Sur y Sierra Madre Oriental

El efecto del comercio electr?nico en el desempe?o financiero de las pymes: el rol moderador de la experiencia en comercio electr?nico

El presente trabajo de investigaci?n tiene como objetivo determinar el efecto del comercio electr?nico sobre el desempe?o financiero de las pymes, proponiendo un modelo te?rico que incorpora a la experiencia en comercio electr?nico como variable moderadora. Para lograr este objetivo, se utilizar? un dise?o de investigaci?n no experimental, de enfoque cuantitativo, corte transversal y de alcance explicativo. La t?cnica de an?lisis de datos que se emplear? es el m?todo de regresi?n con m?nimos cuadrados ordinarios. La recolecci?n de datos primarios se realizar? a trav?s de una encuesta. El estudio pretende aportar a la literatura existente y esclarecer los resultados contradictorios obtenidos en estudios previos desarrollados en varios pa?ses, donde algunos autores encuentran que el comercio electr?nico tiene un efecto positivo sobre el desempe?o mientras que otros encontraron lo contrario. Adem?s, los resultados que se obtengan mostraran a los empresarios la implicancia que tiene la adopci?n del comercio electr?nico en la competitividad y rendimiento de las pymes

La Cueva de El Sidrón (Piloña Asturias)

Estado de las excavaciones y estudios en la Cueva de El Sidrón (PIloña, Asturias)

El grupu neandertal de la Cueva d'El Sidrón (Borines, Piloña).

Na monografía clásica de Puig y Larraz (1896: 250-252) amiéntense delles cavidaes del Conceyu de Piloña2 , pero non la Cueva d’El Sidrón (Fig. 1). Esta conocíase, ensin dulda, dende la Guerra Civil y el maquis al servir d’abellugu a persiguíos políticos, y guarda una alcordanza imborrable nuna de les sos múltiples entraes, yá qu’ellí ta enterrada Olvido Otero González (1908-1938). Per El Sidrón pasaron munches persones a lo llargo de los años, pero en 1994 prodúxose’l descubrimientu per parte d’unos espeleólogos xixoneses d’unos güesos humanos que dieron un importante xiru a la conocencia de los nuesos antepasaos neandertale

El grupu neandertal de la Cueva d' El Sidrón (Borines, Piloña)

El artículo está en la lengua asturianaPeer reviewe

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

A flagship for Austral temperate forest conservation: an action plan for Darwin's frogs brings key stakeholders together

Darwin’s frogs Rhinoderma darwinii and Rhinoderma rufum are the only known species of amphibians in which males brood their offspring in their vocal sacs. We propose these frogs as flagship species for the conservation of the Austral temperate forests of Chile and Argentina. This recommendation forms part of the vision of the Binational Conservation Strategy for Darwin’s Frogs, which was launched in 2018. The strategy is a conservation initiative led by the IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group, which in 2017 convened 30 governmental, non-profit and private organizations from Chile, Argentina and elsewhere. Darwin’s frogs are iconic examples of the global amphibian conservation crisis: R. rufum is categorized as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) on the IUCN Red List, and R. darwinii as Endangered. Here we articulate the conservation planning process that led to the development of the conservation strategy for these species and present its main findings and recommendations. Using an evidence-based approach, the Binational Conservation Strategy for Darwin’s Frogs contains a comprehensive status review of Rhinoderma spp., including critical threat analyses, and proposes 39 prioritized conservation actions. Its goal is that by 2028, key information gaps on Rhinoderma spp. will be filled, the main threats to these species will be reduced, and financial, legal and societal support will have been achieved. The strategy is a multi-disciplinary, transnational endeavour aimed at ensuring the long-term viability of these unique frogs and their particular habitat

Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis

[Purpose]: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. [Methods]: Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015.Patients were stratified into three age groups:<65 years,65 to 80 years,and ≥ 80 years.The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of the CCI to predict mortality risk. [Results]: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327 < 65 years;1291 65-80 years;502 ≥ 80 years) were enrolled.Fever and heart failure were the most common presentations of IE, with no differences among age groups.Patients ≥80 years who underwent surgery were significantly lower compared with other age groups (14.3%,65 years; 20.5%,65-79 years; 31.3%,≥80 years). In-hospital mortality was lower in the <65-year group (20.3%,<65 years;30.1%,65-79 years;34.7%,≥80 years;p < 0.001) as well as 1-year mortality (3.2%, <65 years; 5.5%, 65-80 years;7.6%,≥80 years; p = 0.003).Independent predictors of mortality were age ≥ 80 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.78;95% confidence interval [CI]:2.32–3.34), CCI ≥ 3 (HR:1.62; 95% CI:1.39–1.88),and non-performed surgery (HR:1.64;95% CI:11.16–1.58).When the three age groups were compared,the AUROC curve for CCI was significantly larger for patients aged <65 years(p < 0.001) for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality. [Conclusion]: There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age ≥ 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI),and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in the <65-year group

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication