Benzoylamidoacetonitrile is bound as a thioimidate in the active site of papain.

13C NMR spectroscopy has been used to demonstrate that 13CN-labeled benzoylamidoacetonitrile forms a covalent adduct with the thiol group of cysteine 25 in the active site of papain. Spectral comparison with model compounds indicates that the adduct is a thioimidate. On the basis of a proposed mechanism for the formation of the thioimidate, it is concluded that the -CH2C(= NH)S--imino nitrogen does not sit in the active site in the same manner as the thiol ester carbonyl oxygen of the thiol acyl enzyme (or the oxyanion of the tetrahedral intermediate). Thus, in this sense the stabilization of the thioimidate does not reflect a similarity in structure between the bound thioimidate and the transition state

Une intervention en centres d’hébergement et de soins de longue durée visant à réduire les problèmes de santé mentale liés au travail

Une intervention visant la diminution des contraintes de l’environnement psychosocial du travail et de leurs effets sur la santé mentale a été mise en place à l’hiver 2002. Cette intervention se résume en cinq étapes : l’engagement du milieu et la constitution d’une équipe d’intervention, l’identification des contraintes, l’élaboration des plans d’action, l’actualisation des plans d’action et l’évaluation de l’intervention. La recherche se déroule dans douze centres d’hébergement et de soins de longue durée (CHSLD) et inclut l’ensemble du personnel soignant en contact direct avec la clientèle (N = 493). Un devis quasi-expérimental avec quatre groupes expérimentaux, huit groupes témoins et des mesures avant et après l’intervention a été utilisé.La description des phases de développement et d’implantation de la démarche d’intervention est présentée ainsi que l’évaluation à 12 mois des effets de l’intervention sur la prévalence des contraintes psychosociales au travail et des problèmes de santé mentale.An intervention aimed at reducing adverse occupational psychosocial factors and their mental health effects was begun during the winter of 2002. This intervention can be summarized in five steps: commitment of stakeholders and setting up of an intervention team, identification of adverse occupational psychosocial factors, development of an action plan, implementation of the action plans, and evaluation of the intervention. The study was conducted in twelve residential and extended care centres (CHSLD) and included all care-giving staff in direct contact with patients (N= 493). A quasi-experimental design was used with four experimental groups and eight control groups, and with pre- and post-intervention measurements.The description of the intervention’s development and implementation phases and the evaluation at 12 months of the effects of the intervention on the prevalence of occupational psychosocial factors and mental health problems are presented.En el invierno 2002 se ha establecido una intervención con objetivo de disminuir las coacciones del ambiente psicosocial del trabajo y de sus efectos sobre la salud mental. Esta intervención se resume en cinco etapas : la compromisión del medio y la constitución de un equipo de intervención, la identificación de las coacciones, la elaboración de los planes de acción, la actualización de los planes de acción y la evaluación de la intervención. La investigación se desarolla en doce centros de alojamiento y de cuidados a largo plazo (CHSLD) e incluye el conjunto del personal sanitario en contacto directo con la clientela (N= 493). Un presupuesto casi experimental de cuatro grupos experimentales, ocho grupos de control y medidas pre and post-intervención fueron utilizados.La descripción de las fases de desarrollo y de implantación de los trámites de intervención están presentados así como la evaluación después de 12 meses de los efectos de la intervención sobre la prevalencia de las coacciones psicosociales en el trabajo y de los problemas de salud mental

Impact of HPV vaccination and cervical screening on cervical cancer elimination: a comparative modelling analysis in 78 low-income and lower-middle-income countries.

BACKGROUND: The WHO Director-General has issued a call for action to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem. To help inform global efforts, we modelled potential human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and cervical screening scenarios in low-income and lower-middle-income countries (LMICs) to examine the feasibility and timing of elimination at different thresholds, and to estimate the number of cervical cancer cases averted on the path to elimination. METHODS: The WHO Cervical Cancer Elimination Modelling Consortium (CCEMC), which consists of three independent transmission-dynamic models identified by WHO according to predefined criteria, projected reductions in cervical cancer incidence over time in 78 LMICs for three standardised base-case scenarios: girls-only vaccination; girls-only vaccination and once-lifetime screening; and girls-only vaccination and twice-lifetime screening. Girls were vaccinated at age 9 years (with a catch-up to age 14 years), assuming 90% coverage and 100% lifetime protection against HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58. Cervical screening involved HPV testing once or twice per lifetime at ages 35 years and 45 years, with uptake increasing from 45% (2023) to 90% (2045 onwards). The elimination thresholds examined were an average age-standardised cervical cancer incidence of four or fewer cases per 100 000 women-years and ten or fewer cases per 100 000 women-years, and an 85% or greater reduction in incidence. Sensitivity analyses were done, varying vaccination and screening strategies and assumptions. We summarised results using the median (range) of model predictions. FINDINGS: Girls-only HPV vaccination was predicted to reduce the median age-standardised cervical cancer incidence in LMICs from 19·8 (range 19·4-19·8) to 2·1 (2·0-2·6) cases per 100 000 women-years over the next century (89·4% [86·2-90·1] reduction), and to avert 61·0 million (60·5-63·0) cases during this period. Adding twice-lifetime screening reduced the incidence to 0·7 (0·6-1·6) cases per 100 000 women-years (96·7% [91·3-96·7] reduction) and averted an extra 12·1 million (9·5-13·7) cases. Girls-only vaccination was predicted to result in elimination in 60% (58-65) of LMICs based on the threshold of four or fewer cases per 100 000 women-years, in 99% (89-100) of LMICs based on the threshold of ten or fewer cases per 100 000 women-years, and in 87% (37-99) of LMICs based on the 85% or greater reduction threshold. When adding twice-lifetime screening, 100% (71-100) of LMICs reached elimination for all three thresholds. In regions in which all countries can achieve cervical cancer elimination with girls-only vaccination, elimination could occur between 2059 and 2102, depending on the threshold and region. Introducing twice-lifetime screening accelerated elimination by 11-31 years. Long-term vaccine protection was required for elimination. INTERPRETATION: Predictions were consistent across our three models and suggest that high HPV vaccination coverage of girls can lead to cervical cancer elimination in most LMICs by the end of the century. Screening with high uptake will expedite reductions and will be necessary to eliminate cervical cancer in countries with the highest burden. FUNDING: WHO, UNDP, UN Population Fund, UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Canadian Institute of Health Research, Fonds de recherche du Québec-Santé, Compute Canada, National Health and Medical Research Council Australia Centre for Research Excellence in Cervical Cancer Control

Phylogeny and evolution of life-history strategies in the Sycophaginae non-pollinating fig wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Non-pollinating Sycophaginae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) form small communities within <it>Urostigma </it>and <it>Sycomorus </it>fig trees. The species show differences in galling habits and exhibit apterous, winged or dimorphic males. The large gall inducers oviposit early in syconium development and lay few eggs; the small gall inducers lay more eggs soon after pollination; the ostiolar gall-inducers enter the syconium to oviposit and the cleptoparasites oviposit in galls induced by other fig wasps. The systematics of the group remains unclear and only one phylogeny based on limited sampling has been published to date. Here we present an expanded phylogeny for sycophagine fig wasps including about 1.5 times the number of described species. We sequenced mitochondrial and nuclear markers (4.2 kb) on 73 species and 145 individuals and conducted maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses. We then used this phylogeny to reconstruct the evolution of Sycophaginae life-history strategies and test if the presence of winged males and small brood size may be correlated.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The resulting trees are well resolved and strongly supported. With the exception of <it>Apocrytophagus</it>, which is paraphyletic with respect to <it>Sycophaga</it>, all genera are monophyletic. The Sycophaginae are divided into three clades: (i) <it>Eukoebelea</it>; (ii) <it>Pseudidarnes</it>, <it>Anidarnes </it>and <it>Conidarnes </it>and (iii) <it>Apocryptophagus</it>, <it>Sycophaga </it>and <it>Idarnes</it>. The ancestral states for galling habits and male morphology remain ambiguous and our reconstructions show that the two traits are evolutionary labile.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The three main clades could be considered as tribes and we list some morphological characters that define them. The same biologies re-evolved several times independently, which make Sycophaginae an interesting model to test predictions on what factors will canalize the evolution of a particular biology. The ostiolar gall-inducers are the only monophyletic group. In 15 Myr, they evolved several morphological adaptations to enter the syconia that make them strongly divergent from their sister taxa. Sycophaginae appears to be another example where sexual selection on male mating opportunities favored winged males in species with small broods and wingless males in species with large broods. However, some species are exceptional in that they lay few eggs but exhibit apterous males, which we hypothesize could be due to other selective pressures selecting against the re-appearance of winged morphs.</p

Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018):a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines

The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (“MISEV”) guidelines for the field in 2014. We now update these “MISEV2014” guidelines based on evolution of the collective knowledge in the last four years. An important point to consider is that ascribing a specific function to EVs in general, or to subtypes of EVs, requires reporting of specific information beyond mere description of function in a crude, potentially contaminated, and heterogeneous preparation. For example, claims that exosomes are endowed with exquisite and specific activities remain difficult to support experimentally, given our still limited knowledge of their specific molecular machineries of biogenesis and release, as compared with other biophysically similar EVs. The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities. Finally, a checklist is provided with summaries of key points

Albert Wayens, Un chrétien nommé Pelage

Brisson Jean-Paul. Albert Wayens, Un chrétien nommé Pelage. In: L'antiquité classique, Tome 42, fasc. 1, 1973. pp. 311-312

Pierre Nautin, Lettres et écrivains chrétiens des IIe et IIIe siècles

Brisson Jean-Paul. Pierre Nautin, Lettres et écrivains chrétiens des IIe et IIIe siècles. In: L'antiquité classique, Tome 31, fasc. 1-2, 1962. pp. 387-389

La Religion Romaine archaïque

Brisson Jean-Paul. La Religion Romaine archaïque. In: Archives de sciences sociales des religions, n°41, 1976. pp. 221-222

Pierre Prigent, Les Testimonia dans le Christianisme Primitif. L'Épître de Barnabé Ι, XVI et ses sources

Brisson Jean-Paul. Pierre Prigent, Les Testimonia dans le Christianisme Primitif. L'Épître de Barnabé Ι, XVI et ses sources. In: L'antiquité classique, Tome 31, fasc. 1-2, 1962. pp. 375-377