Herder y la sombra de la Ilustración. La formación en el siglo XVIII

The following text proposes an account concerning the conceptual field of Formation (Bildung) and its configuration, as it has been formulated from the Modernity onwards. Said philosophical, cultural and educational movement has amongst its core motifs a partial opposition to the movement of German Enlightenment and to the total confidence in Reason as the only human faculty able to achieve knowledge of reality and as the essential procedure to face the difficulties and needs of human life. Johann Gottfried Herder played an instrumental role in the conceptual organisation of Formation (Bildung), as a self-cultivation phenomenon in the historical, cultural and practical situation of the individuals' lives. This essay revises the role that some historical, cultural, educational and political events, as well as various thinkers of that time, played to foster or oppose this novel form of conceiving the self-conformation of individuals, in a parallel or supplementary way to the traditional procedures of socialisation or education.El siguiente texto propone una explicación sobre el campo conceptual de la Formación, (Bildung) y su configuración, en su versión formulada a partir de La Modernidad. Dicho concepto filosófico, cultural y educativo encuentra entre sus motivos clave, la parcial oposición al movimiento de la Ilustración Alemana y a la total confianza en la Razón como la única facultad humana capaz de lograr el conocimiento de la realidad y como procedimiento esencial para enfrentar las dificultades y necesidades de la vida humana. Johann Gottfried Herder jugó un papel de primerísima importancia en la articulación conceptual de la Formación, (Bildung), como un fenómeno de autocultivo en las situaciones históricas, culturales y prácticas de la vida de las personas. Este ensayo revisa el papel que algunos de los acontecimientos históricos, culturales, educativos y políticos, así como el que jugaron diversos intelectuales importantes de la época, para propiciar u oponerse a esta manera novedosa de concebir la autoconformación de los individuos, de modo paralelo o suplementario a los procedimientos tradicionales de socialización o educación

Carry out the road safety audit on the section of Ciudad de Cali avenue between 72nd street and 81st street, to identify and evaluate the potential risks that may be causing traffic accidents and propose recommendations that reduce the likelihood of accident in the area

De acuerdo con el informe sobre la situación mundial de la seguridad vial (OMS, 2015), los accidentes de tránsito siguen siendo una de las principales causas de muerte en el mundo, afectando de manera directa la salud púbica, la seguridad de las personas y la movilidad. En el año 2011 el Gobierno Colombiano definió la seguridad vial como una prioridad y la adopto como política pública de Estado mediante la expedición de Plan Nacional de Seguridad Vial (PNSV, 2011-2021). El desarrollo de las Auditorías de Seguridad Vial en Colombia se ha convertido en una herramienta importante en la prevención de la accidentalidad y en el mejoramiento de las condiciones que inciden directamente en la seguridad de las vías. Este documento contiene la propuesta técnico – económica para realizar la auditoría de seguridad vial sobre el tramo de la Avenida Ciudad de Cali entre calle 66 y calle 81, para identificar y evaluar los riesgos potenciales que puedan ser causantes de accidentes viales y plantear recomendaciones que disminuyan la probabilidad de accidentalidad en la zona.According to the report on the global situation of road safety (WHO, 2015), traffic accidents continue to be one of the main causes of death in the world, directly affecting public health, the safety of people and mobility. In 2011, the Colombian Government defined the road safety as a priority and I adopt it as a public policy of the State through the issuance of the National Road Safety Plan (PNSV, 2011-2021). The development of Road Safety Audits in Colombia has become an important tool in the prevention of accidents and in the improvement of conditions that have a direct impact on the safety of tracks. This document contains the technical - economic proposal to carry out the road safety audit on the section of Avenida Ciudad de Cali between street 66 and Calle 81, to identify and evaluate the potential risks that may be causes of road accidents and to make recommendations that diminish the probability of accident in the area

A survey of the global impact of COVID‐19 on the practice of pediatric anesthesia: A study from the pediatric anesthesia COVID‐19 Collaborative Group

BackgroundPediatric anesthesiology has been greatly impacted by COVID-19 in the delivery of care to patients and to the individual providers. With this study, we sought to survey pediatric centers and highlight the variations in care related to perioperative medicine during the COVID-19 pandemic, including the availability of protective equipment, the practice of pediatric anesthesia, and economic impact.AimThe aim of the survey was to determine how COVID-19 directly impacted pediatric anesthesia practices during the study period.MethodsA survey concerning four major domains (testing, safety, clinical management/policy, economics) was developed. It was pilot tested for clarity and content by members of the Pediatric Anesthesia COVID-19 Collaborative. The survey was administered by email to all Pediatric Anesthesia COVID-19 Collaborative members on September 1, 2020. Respondents had six weeks to complete the survey and were instructed to answer the questions based on their institution's practice during September 1 - October 13, 2020.ResultsSixty-three institutions (100% response rate) participated in the COVID-19 Pediatric Anesthesia Survey. Forty-one hospitals (65%) were from the United States, and 35% included other countries. N95 masks were available to anesthesia teams at 91% of institutions (n = 57) (95% CI: 80%-96%). COVID-19 testing criteria of anesthesia staff and guidelines to return to work varied by institution. Structured simulation training aimed at improving COVID-19 safety and patient care occurred at 62% of institutions (n = 39). Pediatric anesthesiologists were economically affected by a reduction in their employer benefits and restriction of travel due to employer imposed quarantine regulations.ConclusionOur data indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the testing, safety, clinical management, and economics of pediatric anesthesia practice. Further investigation into the long-term consequences for the specialty is indicated