Growth, yield and agronomic efficiency of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. IAPAR 117 affected by nitrogen rates and sources

The aim of this research was to evaluate two traditional N sources (urea and ammonium sulfate) and an alternative one (sulfamoo) with increasing rates (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg N ha-1, respectively) affecting aspects of upland rice crop cv. IAPAR 117. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions, using a completely randomized design in 3x4 factorial scheme, with four replicates. It was evaluated the number of tillers (NT), plant mean height (PMH), dry matter of shoots (DMS), crop yield/mass of filled grains (MFG), content of N-DMS, agronomic efficiency of nitrogen (AE), mass of 100 filled grains (M100FG) and grain harvest index (GHI). The nitrogen rates application as ammonium sulfate resulted in a greater increasing of NT, DMS, MFG and N-DMS, respectively. In fact, higher agronomic efficiency obtained with urea and sulfamoo at 40 kg N. ha-1, although AE decreased within the higher rates of N, independently from the source. The M100FG and GHI were higher when sulfamoo and urea were used, although the high N supply negatively affected these two variables for all N evaluated sources

SOURCES AND RATES OF NITROGEN ON THE NUTRITION AND PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF DETERMINATE GROWTH HABIT SNAP BEAN

Snap bean is a vegetable crop presenting high requirements of mineral nutrients, such as nitrogen (N). However, studies on the response of this crop to N fertilization are scarce, mainly with determinate growth habit genotypes, making it difficult to manage the nutrient supply. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nitrogen nutrition and the productive performance of determinate growth habit snap bean as a function of N sources and rates. The experiment was carried out in pots, under greenhouse conditions, in a Red Latosol with 36.60 g dm-3 of soil organic matter content. The cultivar ‘Macarrão rasteiro’ TopSeedâ was grown in a completely randomized design at factorial scheme 3x4, with four replications. It was studied three sources of N (urea, ammonium sulfate and sulfammoâ) and four rates (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha-1), applied 20% at sowing time, 40% at 12 days after emergence (DAE) and 40% at 20 DAE of the seedlings. It was evaluated the N content of the index leaf and the N accumulation in shoots, the plant height at the end of the cycle and the number, total fresh mass, mean fresh mass and mean length of pods. The N content of the index leaf and N accumulation in shoots were linearly increased by the N rates, regardless of the N source, while the plant height and the pod’s characteristics were influenced by none of the factors studied.O feijão-vagem é uma hortaliça que apresenta elevada demanda por nutrientes minerais, dentre eles o nitrogênio (N). No entanto, são escassos os estudos de resposta da cultura à adubação nitrogenada, principalmente para cultivares de crescimento determinado, dificultando o manejo de fornecimento do nutriente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a nutrição nitrogenada e o desempenho produtivo de feijão-vagem de crescimento determinado em função de fontes e doses de N. O experimento foi conduzido em vasos, sob condições de casa de vegetação, em Latossolo Vermelho com teor de matéria orgânica de 36,60 g dm-3. A variedade ‘Macarrão rasteiro’ TopSeedâ foi cultivada em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com esquema fatorial 3x4, com quatro repetições. Estudaram-se três fontes de N (ureia, sulfato de amônio e sulfammoâ) e quatro doses (0, 40, 80 e 120 kg N ha-1), parceladas 20% na semeadura, 40% aos 12 dias após a emergência (DAE) e 40% aos 20 DAE das plântulas. Foram avaliados o teor de N na folha-índice, o acúmulo de N na parte aérea, a altura das plantas ao final do ciclo, o número, a massa fresca total, a massa fresca média e o comprimento médio das vagens. O teor foliar e o acúmulo de N na parte aérea das plantas foi aumentado linearmente com as doses, independente da fonte utilizada, enquanto a altura das plantas e as características relacionadas às vagens não foram influenciadas por nenhum dos fatores estudados

Caracterización de tipologías de productores de plátano (Musa AAB) en los Llanos Orientales de Colombia

The Llanos Orientales has traditionally been one of the most productive plantain regions. However, farmer´s classification has always been as small (1-5 ha), medium (6-15 ha) and big (> 15 ha) according to the planting area, without considering any other technical or economic criteria that would allow to differentiate plantain farmers in this area of the country. A economic, technical and social characterization of plantain producers in the departments of Meta, Casanare and Arauca was done based on a survey in the municipalities of Granada and Fuente de oro in Meta, Yopal and Pore in Casanare, Tame and Saravena in Arauca. The survey addressed all crop technical factors from soil preparation to post-harvest of plantain. Data analysis resulted in the following farmer´s typologies: 1. Producers with high productivity, technology and financial investment; 2. Producers with medium productivity, high technology and intermediate financial investment; 3. Producers with medium to low productivity, low technology and low financial investment and 4. Producers with low productivity, low technology and low financial investment. The results defined critical points for each typology and the facts to design work and research plans required to improve the production system for each type. Los Llanos Orientales ha sido tradicionalmente una de las regiones más productivas del cultivo de plátano. Sin embargo, la clasificación convencionalmente aplicada a los productores ha sido, como pequeño (1-5 ha), mediano (615 ha) y grande (>15 ha), sólo en función al área de siembra establecida, sin considerar ningún criterio técnico ni económico que permita identificar otros factores que logren diferenciar a los platanicultores de esta zona del país. Considerando esto, se realizó una caracterización técnica, económica y social de los tipos de productores de plátano en los departamentos de Meta, Casanare y Arauca con base a la información colectada a través de una encuesta aplicada. Los municipios seleccionados fueron Granada y Fuente de oro en el Meta, Yopal y Pore en Casanare, Tame y Saravena en Arauca. La encuesta abordó los aspectos técnicos del cultivo, permitiendo además obtener información de línea base que permitió el análisis del estado actual en cuanto adopción tecnológica de la región. Con el análisis de los datos obtenidos, se definieron las siguientes tipologías: 1. Productores con alta productividad, alta adopción tecnológica y alta inversión financiera; 2. Productores con mediana productividad, alta adopción tecnológica e inversión financiera intermedia; 3. Productores con mediana a baja productividad, baja adopción tecnológica y baja inversión financiera y 4. Productores con baja productividad, baja adopción tecnológica y baja inversión financiera. Con estos resultados, se definen los puntos críticos en cada tipología y de esta manera, diseñar los planes de trabajo e investigación requeridos para mejorar el sistema productivo para cada una de ellas

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Impacts of the Tropical Pacific/Indian Oceans on the Seasonal Cycle of the West African Monsoon

The current consensus is that drought has developed in the Sahel during the second half of the twentieth century as a result of remote effects of oceanic anomalies amplified by local land–atmosphere interactions. This paper focuses on the impacts of oceanic anomalies upon West African climate and specifically aims to identify those from SST anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Oceans during spring and summer seasons, when they were significant. Idealized sensitivity experiments are performed with four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). The prescribed SST patterns used in the AGCMs are based on the leading mode of covariability between SST anomalies over the Pacific/Indian Oceans and summer rainfall over West Africa. The results show that such oceanic anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Ocean lead to a northward shift of an anomalous dry belt from the Gulf of Guinea to the Sahel as the season advances. In the Sahel, the magnitude of rainfall anomalies is comparable to that obtained by other authors using SST anomalies confined to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean. The mechanism connecting the Pacific/Indian SST anomalies with West African rainfall has a strong seasonal cycle. In spring (May and June), anomalous subsidence develops over both the Maritime Continent and the equatorial Atlantic in response to the enhanced equatorial heating. Precipitation increases over continental West Africa in association with stronger zonal convergence of moisture. In addition, precipitation decreases over the Gulf of Guinea. During the monsoon peak (July and August), the SST anomalies move westward over the equatorial Pacific and the two regions where subsidence occurred earlier in the seasons merge over West Africa. The monsoon weakens and rainfall decreases over the Sahel, especially in August.Peer reviewe

Growth, yield and agronomic efficiency of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. IAPAR 117 affected by nitrogen rates and sources

The aim of this research was to evaluate two traditional N sources (urea and ammonium sulfate) and an alternative one (sulfamoo) with increasing rates (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg N ha-1, respectively) affecting aspects of upland rice crop cv. IAPAR 117. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions, using a completely randomized design in 3x4 factorial scheme, with four replicates. It was evaluated the number of tillers (NT), plant mean height (PMH), dry matter of shoots (DMS), crop yield/mass of filled grains (MFG), content of N-DMS, agronomic efficiency of nitrogen (AE), mass of 100 filled grains (M100FG) and grain harvest index (GHI). The nitrogen rates application as ammonium sulfate resulted in a greater increasing of NT, DMS, MFG and N-DMS, respectively. In fact, higher agronomic efficiency obtained with urea and sulfamoo at 40 kg N. ha-1, although AE decreased within the higher rates of N, independently from the source. The M100FG and GHI were higher when sulfamoo and urea were used, although the high N supply negatively affected these two variables for all N evaluated sources

Doses de nitrogênio de fontes nítrica e amoniacal exigidas por cultivares de arroz de sequeiro originárias do Brasil e da Colômbia

The aim of this study was to evaluate the initial growth, nitrogen (N) uptake, and agronomic efficiency after the use of N fertilizers in upland rice cultivation. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse by using pots filled with surface-layer (0 to 20 cm) soil collected from the municipality of Jaguapitã, Paraná. The experimental design was completely randomized with 4 replications. A factorial scheme of 5 × 2 was used, in which the factors were 5 N rates (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 kg ha-1 N) and 2 cultivars of rice (Fedearroz Lagunas [Colombian] and IAPAR- 9 [Brazilian]). The N sources tested were ammonium sulfate (Experiment I) and calcium nitrate (Experiment II). The following variables were evaluated: number of tillers per pot (NTP), dry mass of the shoots (DMS), N content in the dry mass (NCDM), and agronomic efficiency of N fertilizer (AEN). The data obtained in the experiments were evaluated using analysis of variance, and mean values were compared using Tukey’s test at 5% significance for rice cultivar effects or adjusted to polynomial regression equations for N rates. Use of calcium nitrate yielded higher values of NTP, NCDM, and AEN. The cultivar Lagunas showed higher NTP, while IAPAR-9 showed higher DMS. An increase in N rates, for both sources, resulted in the increase of NTP, DMS, and NCDM; however, AEN was decreased.O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento inicial, absorção e eficiência agronômica de nitrogênio em cultivares de arroz fertilizado com doses de diferentes fontes de N. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, utilizando-se vasos preenchidos com terra coletada da camada superficial de 0 a 20 cm do município de Jaguapitã, Paraná. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos testados resultaram de um fatorial 5 x 2, em que os fatores foram cinco doses de N (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 kg ha-1 de N) e dois cultivares de arroz (Fedearroz Lagunas (Colombiana) e IAPAR-9 (Brasileira)). Como fontes de nitrogênio foram testadas o sulfato de amônio (experimento I) e o nitrato de cálcio (experimento II). As seguintes variáveis foram avaliadas: número de perfilhos por vaso (NPV), massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA), conteúdo de nitrogênio na massa seca (CNMS) e eficiência agronômica do nitrogênio (EAN). Os dados obtidos nos experimentos foram submetidos a análises de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% para o efeito de cultivares ou ajustadas a equações de regressão polinomial para o efeito de doses de N. Com relação às fontes, o uso do nitrato de cálcio proporcionou valores superiores de NPV, CNMS e EAN. A cultivar Lagunas se destaca quanto ao perfilhamento, enquanto IAPAR-9 apresenta maior produção de MSPA. O aumento nas doses de N, em ambas as fontes, eleva o NPV, a MSPA e o CNMS, porém, a EAN é reduzida

EXPORTATION RATES OF NUTRIENTS IN SNAP BEAN WITH INDETERMINATE GROWTH HABIT

INTRODUCTION: The potential exportation of macronutrients in the harvested part of each crop is an important aspect to consider for programming the restitution of these mineral elements, avoiding their exhaustion in the soil (RAIJ, 2011). The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential exportation rates of nutrients by the harvested pods in a snap bean genotype with indeterminate growth habit, providing theoretical basis for the recommendations of restitution fertilization in the production systems with the cultivation of this vegetable crop. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The experiment was carried in a greenhouse covered with polyethylene (150 μm thickness) in State University of Londrina – UEL, Londrina, PR, Brazil (23º23’S, 51º11’W and 566 m of altitude). Seeds of snap bean, Topseed® cv. “Líder” with indeterminate growth habit and cylindrical pods, sown at May 15, 2016, in plastic pots filled with sand as substrate and spaced 0.6 m between lines and 0.3 m between plants. Each pot received five seeds and thinning performed when the seedlings reached V1 stage (emergence). In total, 200 plants grown in four rows of pots. The application of nutrients was performed with a fertigation system for a better control of their supply. This system, the substrate and preparation of nutrient solution was the same utilized by Almeida et al, (2016)

Caracterización de tipologías de productores de plátano (Musa AAB) en los Llanos Orientales de Colombia

The Llanos Orientales has traditionally been one of the most productive plantain regions. However, farmer´s classification has always been as small (1-5 ha), medium (6-15 ha) and big (> 15 ha) according to the planting area, without considering any other technical or economic criteria that would allow to differentiate plantain farmers in this area of the country. A economic, technical and social characterization of plantain producers in the departments of Meta, Casanare and Arauca was done based on a survey in the municipalities of Granada and Fuente de oro in Meta, Yopal and Pore in Casanare, Tame and Saravena in Arauca. The survey addressed all crop technical factors from soil preparation to post-harvest of plantain. Data analysis resulted in the following farmer´s typologies: 1. Producers with high productivity, technology and financial investment; 2. Producers with medium productivity, high technology and intermediate financial investment; 3. Producers with medium to low productivity, low technology and low financial investment and 4. Producers with low productivity, low technology and low financial investment. The results defined critical points for each typology and the facts to design work and research plans required to improve the production system for each type. Los Llanos Orientales ha sido tradicionalmente una de las regiones más productivas del cultivo de plátano. Sin embargo, la clasificación convencionalmente aplicada a los productores ha sido, como pequeño (1-5 ha), mediano (615 ha) y grande (>15 ha), sólo en función al área de siembra establecida, sin considerar ningún criterio técnico ni económico que permita identificar otros factores que logren diferenciar a los platanicultores de esta zona del país. Considerando esto, se realizó una caracterización técnica, económica y social de los tipos de productores de plátano en los departamentos de Meta, Casanare y Arauca con base a la información colectada a través de una encuesta aplicada. Los municipios seleccionados fueron Granada y Fuente de oro en el Meta, Yopal y Pore en Casanare, Tame y Saravena en Arauca. La encuesta abordó los aspectos técnicos del cultivo, permitiendo además obtener información de línea base que permitió el análisis del estado actual en cuanto adopción tecnológica de la región. Con el análisis de los datos obtenidos, se definieron las siguientes tipologías: 1. Productores con alta productividad, alta adopción tecnológica y alta inversión financiera; 2. Productores con mediana productividad, alta adopción tecnológica e inversión financiera intermedia; 3. Productores con mediana a baja productividad, baja adopción tecnológica y baja inversión financiera y 4. Productores con baja productividad, baja adopción tecnológica y baja inversión financiera. Con estos resultados, se definen los puntos críticos en cada tipología y de esta manera, diseñar los planes de trabajo e investigación requeridos para mejorar el sistema productivo para cada una de ellas