Continuous mean demand functions derived from non-convex preferences

Dierker E, Dierker H, Trockel W. Continuous mean demand functions derived from non-convex preferences. Journal of Mathematical Economics. 1980;7(1):27-33.In this paper we show that for a large subset of utility functions in the space of all C 1 utility functions and for all prices the mean demand of those consumers whose taste is represented by a given utility function in that subset is uniquely determined. This implies that for a large set of economies mean demand is a continuous function. Our analysis uses derivatives of first and of higher order. The result is essentially a consequence of the multijet transversality theorem

Fungal endocarditis leading to pulmonary embolism and death

A 38 year-old male was admitted to the emergency room with fever and hemoptysis in the last 3 weeks. His past medical history included previous intravenous drug usage (20 years before), severe acute pancreatitis in the last year, and steroid therapy for the last 10 months due to presumptive diagnosis of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. The episode of pancreatitis required hospital admission, when the patient received total parenteral nutrition and also had an episode of pneumonia treated with antibiotics.

Market demand is a continuous function of prices

Trockel W. Market demand is a continuous function of prices. Economics letters. 1983;12(2):141-146.A natural class of probabilities on the space of consumers' preferences is presented for which market (i.e., mean) demand is a (continuous) function of prices although individual preferences may be non-convex

Fungal endocarditis leading to pulmonary embolism and death

A 38 year-old male was admitted to the emergency room with fever and hemoptysis in the last 3 weeks. His past medical history included previous intravenous drug usage (20 years before), severe acute pancreatitis in the last year, and steroid therapy for the last 10 months due to presumptive diagnosis of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. The episode of pancreatitis required hospital admission, when the patient received total parenteral nutrition and also had an episode of pneumonia treated with antibiotics

Disappointment aversion and social comparisons in a real-effort competition

We present an experiment to investigate the source of disappointment aversion in a sequential real-effort competition. Specifically, we study the contribution of social comparison effects to the disappointment aversion previously identified in a two-person real-effort competition (Gill, D., and V. Prowse. “A Structural Analysis of Disappointment Aversion in a Real Effort Competition.” American Economic Review, 102, 2012, 469–503). To do this we compare “social” and “asocial” versions of the Gill and Prowse experiment, where the latter treatment removes the scope for social comparisons. If disappointment aversion simply reflects an asymmetric evaluation of losses and gains we would expect it to survive in our asocial treatment. Alternatively, if losing to or winning against another person affects the evaluation of losses/gains, as we show would be theoretically the case under asymmetric inequality aversion, we would expect treatment differences. We find behavior in social and asocial treatments to be similar, suggesting that social comparisons have little impact in this setting. Unlike in Gill and Prowse we do not find evidence of disappointment aversion. (JEL C91, D12, D81, D84

Incomplete financial markets and jumps in asset prices

For incomplete financial markets, jumps in both prices and consumption can be unavoidable. We consider pure-exchange economies with infinite horizon, discrete time, uncertainty with a continuum of possible shocks at every date. The evolution of shocks follows a Markov process, and fundamentals depend continuously on shocks. It is shown that: (1) equilibria exist; (2) for effectively complete financial markets, asset prices depend continuously on shocks; and (3) for incomplete financial markets, there is an open set of economies U such that for every equilibrium of every economy in U, asset prices at every date depend discontinuously on the shock at that date

Application of the physical habitat simulation for fish species to assess environmental flows in an Atlantic Forest Stream in South-eastern Brazil

The physical habitat simulation sub-routine of the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM) uses hydraulic modeling and suitability indices of target fish species to predict how differences in-stream flows affect the microhabitat occupation by fish species. This habitat modelling approach was adopted to assess the ecological effects of running flows on three neotropical fish species of different orders (Bryconamericus ornaticeps, Ancistrus multispinis and Geophagus brasiliensis).The study encompassed two reaches of an Atlantic Forest stream in Southeastern Brazil where topographic and hydraulic (depth, velocity and type of substrate) characteristics were measured to implement one-dimensional hydraulic simulation. Sub aquatic observation of fish was performed to collect data on microhabitat use and these data were used to develop habitat suitability curves that were used in the habitat simulation to obtain the habitat suitability index (HSI) and weighted usable area (WUA) versus flow curves. Upon these curves minimum and optimum environmental flows for the target fish species were proposed. Bryconamericus ornaticeps and A. multispinis selected microhabitats around 0.6 m depth, whereas G. brasiliensis showed a wider suitable range (0.35-0.9 m). All the three species were mainly observed in microhabitat with low flow velocity (0.1 m/s). Bryconamericus ornaticeps selected more frequently coarse substrate (e.g. boulders) but it appeared also over sandy substrate, whereas A. multispinis and G. brasiliensis selected preferably boulders. The range of 0.65-0.85 m3/s was found as the optimum to meet the needs of the three fish species. Our results agree with the necessary objective information to perform grounded management actions in the frame of a management program aiming at ecosystem conservation. Thereby it can be considered a successful pilot study in environmental flow assessment in an Atlantic Forest stream of Brazil.The authors wish to thank Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado so Rio de Janeiro-FAPERJ / CAPES - Federal Supporting Research of the Brazilian Government for providing scholarships for the first author. We thank the director of CTUR R. C. Albieri for the loan of surveying equipment to carry out the field work.Da Costa, MR.; Mattos, TM.; Fernandes, VH.; Martinez-Capel, F.; Muñoz Mas, R.; Araujo, FG. (2015). Application of the physical habitat simulation for fish species to assess environmental flows in an Atlantic Forest Stream in South-eastern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology. 13(4):685-698. doi:10.1590/1982-0224-20140170S685698134Acreman, M. C., & Dunbar, M. J. (2004). Defining environmental river flow requirements – a review. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 8(5), 861-876. doi:10.5194/hess-8-861-2004Ahmadi-Nedushan, B., St-Hilaire, A., Bérubé, M., Robichaud, É., Thiémonge, N., & Bobée, B. (2006). A review of statistical methods for the evaluation of aquatic habitat suitability for instream flow assessment. River Research and Applications, 22(5), 503-523. doi:10.1002/rra.918Angermeier, P. L., & Schlosser, I. J. (1989). Species-Area Relationship for Stream Fishes. Ecology, 70(5), 1450-1462. doi:10.2307/1938204Arthington, A. H., & Pusey, B. J. (2003). Flow restoration and protection in Australian rivers. River Research and Applications, 19(5-6), 377-395. doi:10.1002/rra.745Assis, H. C. da S. de, Nicareta, L., Salvo, L. M., Klemz, C., Truppel, J. H., & Calegari, R. (2009). Biochemical biomarkers of exposure to deltamethrin in freshwater fish, Ancistrus multispinis. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 52(6), 1401-1407. doi:10.1590/s1516-89132009000600012Barletta, M., Jaureguizar, A. J., Baigun, C., Fontoura, N. F., Agostinho, A. A., Almeida-Val, V. M. F., … Corrêa, M. F. M. (2010). Fish and aquatic habitat conservation in South America: a continental overview with emphasis on neotropical systems. Journal of Fish Biology, 76(9), 2118-2176. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02684.xBLANCK, A., TEDESCO, P. A., & LAMOUROUX, N. (2007). Relationships between life-history strategies of European freshwater fish species and their habitat preferences. Freshwater Biology, 52(5), 843-859. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01736.xBowen, B. W., Bass, A. L., Rocha, L. A., Grant, W. S., & Robertson, D. R. (2001). PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF THE TRUMPETFISHES (AULOSTOMUS): RING SPECIES COMPLEX ON A GLOBAL SCALE. Evolution, 55(5), 1029. doi:10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[1029:pottar]2.0.co;2BUNN, S. E., & ARTHINGTON, A. H. (2002). Basic Principles and Ecological Consequences of Altered Flow Regimes for Aquatic Biodiversity. Environmental Management, 30(4), 492-507. doi:10.1007/s00267-002-2737-0Castro, M. A. de, Santos, H. de A., Sampaio, F. A. C., & Pompeu, P. S. (2010). Swimming performance of the small characin Bryconamericus stramineus (Characiformes: Characidae). Zoologia (Curitiba), 27(6), 939-944. doi:10.1590/s1984-46702010000600015Copp, G. H., & Jurajda, P. (1993). Do small riverine fish move inshore at night? Journal of Fish Biology, 43(sa), 229-241. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1993.tb01190.xCosta, R. M. S., Martínez-Capel, F., Muñoz-Mas, R., Alcaraz-Hernández, J. D., & Garófano-Gómez, V. (2011). HABITAT SUITABILITY MODELLING AT MESOHABITAT SCALE AND EFFECTS OF DAM OPERATION ON THE ENDANGERED JúCAR NASE, PARACHONDROSTOMA ARRIGONIS (RIVER CABRIEL, SPAIN). River Research and Applications, 28(6), 740-752. doi:10.1002/rra.1598Costa, M. R. da, Mattos, T. M., Borges, J. L., & Araújo, F. G. (2013). Habitat preferences of common native fishes in a tropical river in Southeastern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 11(4), 871-880. doi:10.1590/s1679-62252013000400015Da Costa, M. R., Moreti, T., Uehara, W., dos Santos, H. K., & Araújo, F. G. (2015). Length-weight relationships for 15 fish species from Atlantic rain forest streams, southeastern Brazil. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 31(4), 809-810. doi:10.1111/jai.12788Crook, D. A., & Robertson, A. I. (1999). Relationships between riverine fish and woody debris: implications for lowland rivers. Marine and Freshwater Research. doi:10.1071/mf99072Ferreira, K. M. (2007). Biology and ecomorphology of stream fishes from the rio Mogi-Guaçu basin, Southeastern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 5(3), 311-326. doi:10.1590/s1679-62252007000300012De Jalón, D. G. (2003). The Spanish Experience in Determining Minimum Flow Regimes in Regulated Streams. Canadian Water Resources Journal, 28(2), 185-198. doi:10.4296/cwrj2802185Geerinckx, T., Verhaegen, Y., & Adriaens, D. (2008). Ontogenetic allometries and shape changes in the suckermouth armoured catfish Ancistrus cf. triradiatus Eigenmann (Loricariidae, Siluriformes), related to suckermouth attachment and yolk-sac size. Journal of Fish Biology, 72(4), 803-814. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01755.xGore, J. A., & Nestler, J. M. (1988). Instream flow studies in perspective. Regulated Rivers: Research & Management, 2(2), 93-101. doi:10.1002/rrr.3450020204Grossman, G. D., & de Sostoa, A. (1994). Microhabitat use by fish in the lower Rio Matarrana, Spain, 1984-1987. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 3(3), 123-136. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0633.1994.tb00114.xHeggenes, J., Brabrand, Åg., & Saltveit, S. (1990). Comparison of Three Methods for Studies of Stream Habitat Use by Young Brown Trout and Atlantic Salmon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 119(1), 101-111. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1990)1192.3.co;2King, J., & Brown, C. (2006). Environmental Flows: Striking the Balance between Development and Resource Protection. Ecology and Society, 11(2). doi:10.5751/es-01682-110226Lambert, T. R., & Hanson, D. F. (1989). Development of habitat suitability criteria for trout in small streams. Regulated Rivers: Research & Management, 3(1), 291-303. doi:10.1002/rrr.3450030128LAMOUROUX, N., & CAPRA, H. (2002). Simple predictions of instream habitat model outputs for target fish populations. Freshwater Biology, 47(8), 1543-1556. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2427.2002.00879.xLamouroux, N., Capra, H., Pouilly, M., & Souchon, Y. (1999). Fish habitat preferences in large streams of southern France. Freshwater Biology, 42(4), 673-687. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2427.1999.00521.xLeal, C. G., Junqueira, N. T., & Pompeu, P. S. (2010). Morphology and habitat use by fishes of the Rio das Velhas basin in southeastern Brazil. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 90(2), 143-157. doi:10.1007/s10641-010-9726-6Lee, P.-Y., & Suen, J.-P. (2011). Niche partitioning of fish assemblages in a mountain stream with frequent natural disturbances - an examination of microhabitat in riffle areas. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 21(2), 255-265. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0633.2011.00544.xLytle, D. A., & Poff, N. L. (2004). Adaptation to natural flow regimes. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 19(2), 94-100. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2003.10.002MARTÍNEZ-CAPEL, F., GARCÍA DE JALÓN, D., WERENITZKY, D., BAEZA, D., & RODILLA-ALAMÁ, M. (2009). Microhabitat use by three endemic Iberian cyprinids in Mediterranean rivers (Tagus River Basin, Spain). Fisheries Management and Ecology, 16(1), 52-60. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2400.2008.00645.xMouton, A. M., Schneider, M., Peter, A., Holzer, G., Müller, R., Goethals, P. L. M., & De Pauw, N. (2008). Optimisation of a fuzzy physical habitat model for spawning European grayling (Thymallus thymallus L.) in the Aare river (Thun, Switzerland). Ecological Modelling, 215(1-3), 122-132. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.02.028Mouton, A. M., Alcaraz-Hernández, J. D., De Baets, B., Goethals, P. L. M., & Martínez-Capel, F. (2011). Data-driven fuzzy habitat suitability models for brown trout in Spanish Mediterranean rivers. Environmental Modelling & Software, 26(5), 615-622. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2010.12.001Muñoz-Mas, R., Martínez-Capel, F., Garófano-Gómez, V., & Mouton, A. M. (2014). Application of Probabilistic Neural Networks to microhabitat suitability modelling for adult brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in Iberian rivers. Environmental Modelling & Software, 59, 30-43. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.05.003Muñoz-Mas, R., Martínez-Capel, F., Schneider, M., & Mouton, A. M. (2012). Assessment of brown trout habitat suitability in the Jucar River Basin (SPAIN): Comparison of data-driven approaches with fuzzy-logic models and univariate suitability curves. Science of The Total Environment, 440, 123-131. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.074Naiman, R. J., Latterell, J. J., Pettit, N. E., & Olden, J. D. (2008). Flow variability and the biophysical vitality of river systems. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 340(9-10), 629-643. doi:10.1016/j.crte.2008.01.002Paredes-Arquiola, J., Martinez-Capel, F., Solera, A., & Aguilella, V. (2011). IMPLEMENTING ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS IN COMPLEX WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS - CASE STUDY: THE DUERO RIVER BASIN, SPAIN. River Research and Applications, 29(4), 451-468. doi:10.1002/rra.1617Paredes-Arquiola, J., Solera, A., Martinez-Capel, F., Momblanch, A., & Andreu, J. (2014). Integrating water management, habitat modelling and water quality at the basin scale and environmental flow assessment: case study of the Tormes River, Spain. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59(3-4), 878-889. doi:10.1080/02626667.2013.821573POFF, N. L., RICHTER, B. D., ARTHINGTON, A. H., BUNN, S. E., NAIMAN, R. J., KENDY, E., … WARNER, A. (2010). The ecological limits of hydrologic alteration (ELOHA): a new framework for developing regional environmental flow standards. Freshwater Biology, 55(1), 147-170. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02204.xPoff, N. L., Allan, J. D., Bain, M. B., Karr, J. R., Prestegaard, K. L., Richter, B. D., … Stromberg, J. C. (1997). The Natural Flow Regime. BioScience, 47(11), 769-784. doi:10.2307/1313099Power, M. E. (1984). Depth Distributions of Armored Catfish: Predator-Induced Resource Avoidance? Ecology, 65(2), 523-528. doi:10.2307/1941414RABENI, C. F., & JACOBSON, R. B. (1993). The importance of fluvial hydraulics to fish-habitat restoration in low-gradient alluvial streams. Freshwater Biology, 29(2), 211-220. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.1993.tb00758.xRichter, B. D., Warner, A. T., Meyer, J. L., & Lutz, K. (2006). A collaborative and adaptive process for developing environmental flow recommendations. River Research and Applications, 22(3), 297-318. doi:10.1002/rra.892Rincon, P. A., Correas, A. M., Morcillo, F., Risueno, P., & Lobon-Cervia, J. (2002). Interaction between the introduced eastern mosquitofish and two autochthonous Spanish toothcarps. Journal of Fish Biology, 61(6), 1560-1585. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2002.tb02498.xCosta Sampaio, F., Santos Pompeu, P., de Andrade e Santos, H., & Lopes Ferreira, R. (2012). Swimming performance of epigeal and hypogeal species of Characidae, with an emphasis on the troglobiotic Stygichthys typhlops Brittan & Böhlke, 1965. International Journal of Speleology, 41(1), 9-16. doi:10.5038/1827-806x.41.1.2Schneider, K. N., & Winemiller, K. O. (2008). Structural complexity of woody debris patches influences fish and macroinvertebrate species richness in a temperate floodplain-river system. Hydrobiologia, 610(1), 235-244. doi:10.1007/s10750-008-9438-5Schwartz, J. S., & Herricks, E. E. (2008). Fish use of ecohydraulic-based mesohabitat units in a low-gradient Illinois stream: implications for stream restoration. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 18(6), 852-866. doi:10.1002/aqc.905Strakosh, T. R., Neumann, R. M., & Jacobson, R. A. (2003). Development and assessment of habitat suitability criteria for adult brown trout in southern New England rivers. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 12(4), 265-274. doi:10.1046/j.1600-0633.2003.00022.xTeresa, F. B., & Casatti, L. (2013). Development of habitat suitability criteria for Neotropical stream fishes and an assessment of their transferability to streams with different conservation status. Neotropical Ichthyology, 11(2), 395-402. doi:10.1590/s1679-62252013005000009Tharme, R. E. (2003). 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CLT in Functional Linear Regression Models

International audienceWe propose in this work to derive a CLT in the functional linear regression model to get confidence sets for prediction based on functional linear regression. The main difficulty is due to the fact that estimation of the functional parameter leads to a kind of ill-posed inverse problem. We consider estimators that belong to a large class of regularizing methods and we first show that, contrary to the multivariate case, it is not possible to state a CLT in the topology of the considered functional space. However, we show that we can get a CLT for the weak topology under mild hypotheses and in particular without assuming any strong assumptions on the decay of the eigenvalues of the covariance operator. Rates of convergence depend on the smoothness of the functional coefficient and on the point in which the prediction is made

Evolution and Biogeography of Haemonchus contortus: Linking Faunal Dynamics in Space and Time

History is the foundation that informs about the nuances of faunal assembly that are essential in understanding the dynamic nature of the host-parasite interface. All of our knowledge begins and ends with evolution, ecology and biogeography, as these interacting facets determine the history of biodiverse systems. These components, relating to Haemonchus, can inform about the complex history of geographical distribution, host association and the intricacies of host-parasite associations that are played out in physiological and behavioural processes that influence the potential for disease and our capacity for effective control in a rapidly changing world. Origins and evolutionary diversification among species of the genus Haemonchus and Hae- monchus contortus occurred in a complex crucible defined by shifts in environmental structure emerging from cycles of climate change and ecological perturbation during the late Tertiary and through the Quaternary. A history of sequential host colonization associated with waves of dispersal bringing assemblages of ungulates from Eurasia into Africa and processes emerging from ecosystems in collision and faunal turnover defined the arena for radiation among 12 recognized species of Haemonchus. Among congeners, the host range for H. contortus is exceptionally broad, including species among artiodactyls of 40 genera representing 5 families (and within 12 tribes of Bovi- dae). Broad host range is dramatically reflected in the degree to which translocation, introduction and invasion with host switching, has characterized an expanding distribution over time in North America, South America, southern Eurasia, Australia and New Zealand, coincidental with agriculture, husbandry and global colonization by human populations driven particularly by European exploration after the 1500s. African origins in xeric to mesic habitats of the African savannah suggest that historical constraints linked to ecological adaptations (tolerances and developmental thresholds defined by temperature and humidity for larval stages) will be substantial determinants in the potential outcomes for widespread geographical and host colonization which are predicted to unfold over the coming century. Insights about deeper evolutionary events, ecology and biogeography are critical as understanding history informs us about the possible range of responses in complex systems under new regimes of environmental forcing, especially, in this case, ecological perturbation linked to climate change. A deeper history of perturbation is relevant in understanding contemporary systems that are now strongly structured by events of invasion and colonization. The relaxation of abiotic and biotic controls on the occurrence of H. contortus, coincidental with inception and dissemination of anthelmintic resistance may be synergistic, serving to exacerbate challenges to control parasites or to limit the socioeconomic impacts of infection that can influence food security and availability. Studies of haemonchine nematodes contribute directly to an expanding model about the nature of diversity and the evolutionary trajectories for faunal assembly among complex hosteparasite systems across considerable spatial and temporal scales

Microbiological contamination of conventional and reclaimed irrigation water: evaluation and management measures

The wide diversity of irrigation water sources (i.e., drinking water, groundwater, reservoir water, river water) includes reclaimed water as a requested measure for increasing water availability, but it is also a challenge as pathogen exposure may increase. This study evaluates the level of microbial contamination in different irrigation waters to improve the knowledge and analyses management measures for safety irrigation. Over a one-year period, the occurrence of a set of viruses, bacteria and protozoa, was quantified and the performance of a wetland system, producing reclaimed water intended for irrigation, was characterized. Human fecal pollution (HAdV) was found in most of the irrigation water types analysed. Hepatitis E virus (HEV), an emerging zoonotic pathogen, was present in groundwater where porcine contamination was identified (PAdV). The skin-carcinoma associated Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), was found occasionally in river water. Noroviruses were detected, as expected, in winter, in river water and reclaimed water. Groundwater, river water and reservoir water also harboured potential bacterial pathogens, like Helicobacter pylori, Legionella spp. and Aeromonas spp. that could be internalized and viable inside amoebas like Acanthamoeba castellanii, which was also detected. Neither Giardia cysts, nor any Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected. The wetland system removed 3 Log10 of viruses and 5 Log10 of bacteria, which resembled the river water quality. Irrigation waters were prone to variable contamination levels and according to the European guidance documents, the E. coli (EC) levels were not always acceptable. Sporadic detection of viral pathogens as NoV GII and HAdV was identified in water samples presenting lower EC than the established limit (100MNP/100 mL). When dealing with reclaimed water as a source of irrigation the analysis of some viral parameters, like HAdV during the peak irrigation period (summer and spring) or NoV during the coldest months, could complement existing water management tools based on bacterial indicators