Conceptual and Production Version Connectivity: Conceptual framework model

New product development, such as strategic conceptual designs, requires maximum effort, resources, expertise, time, and cost. However, due to unclear concern factors from various stages, these had changed the final design differently. Thus, this paper presents a theoretical framework model for performing design research, specifically in studying inconsistent design elements and factors that contributed to the new product development process. The triangulation of data collection from literature review, interviews and design experiments will establish the specific character of designers concern towards achieving the objective of the optimization NPD process. Keywords: Conceptual Design; Final Design; New Product Development eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2022. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under the responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians), and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7iSI7.377

Development of alginate – gum arabic beads for targeted delivery of protein

Controlled release beads were prepared by using the combination of alginate and gum Arabic through ionotropic gelation method. Bovine serum albumin was used as model protein for in vitro assessments. The effect of amount of sodium alginate and gum Arabic as the factor affecting protein encapsulation efficiency and protein release were optimized and analyzed by using RSM-FCCD. It was observed that protein encapsulation efficiency was increased and protein release was decreased with the increase of both of the amount of sodium alginate and gum Arabic, used as polymer blend. The optimized beads showed high encapsulation efficiency (87.5 ± 3.65%) with suitable protein release (100% protein release after almost 4 hrs). The swelling of beads were highly influenced by pH of dissolution medium. These beads were also characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM and TA for protein-excipients interaction, beads surface morphology and beads strength, respectively. These calcium alginate/gum Arabic beads have good potential to be used as delivery vehicle for protein drugs

The pre-analytical stability of 25-hydroxyvitamin D: storage and mixing effects

Background: There is an increasing demand for serum 25-OH VitD testing globally and this has led to the greater use of automated immunoassays. These may be more prone to nonspecific interference, that is thought to be related to pre-analytical stability of biological samples. We have investigated the changes in serum 25-OH VitD concentrations that are caused by storage and mixing conditions, and if such changes are statistical, or clinically important. Methods: Blood samples were collected into plain tubes from 31 healthy donors. After separation, serum samples were stored at -20C° and analysis was carried out with and without mixing (vortexing) at different time intervals of days (0,1,2,3,4,5,15, and 30). All samples were analyzed using a chemiluminescent immunoassay. Results: Mean serum 25-OH VitD concentrations for subsequent days of storage compared to day 0 showed a significant time effect (p< 0.05) except for the samples on day 1 (p=0.654) in non-vortexed samples and day 2 (p=0.087), 5 (p=0.118) and 30 (p=0.118) in vortexed samples. Comparing values for vortexed and non-vortexed samples on the same day, serum 25-OH VitD showed a significant difference on days 1 (p=0.003), 4 (p=0.037), 5 (p=0.002) and 30 (p=0.025). However, the maximum change value was 8.85% which was less than the known total allowable error (TEa) and reference change value (RCV) for serum 25-OH VitD. Conclusion: 25-OH VitD is pre-analytically stable after long-term sample storage at -20°C and can be analyzed without vortexing. This may be beneficial for both research and diagnostic laboratories

REKONSTRUKSI DALAMAN VARIAN BANJAR BERIAH PURBA[INTERNAL RECONSTRUCTION OF BANJAR BERIAH PROTO VARIANTS]

This study describes the phonological system of Banjar Kuala (BK), Banjar Hulu (BJ) and Banjar Alai (BA) dialect variants. The phonological description is used to reconstruct the ancient dialect form Banjar Beriah Proto Variant (BBPV). The attempt to reconstruct this ancient dialect was carried out using qualitative comparative methods through the verification of sound correspondences. The findings confirm that the BK and BA variants have a five-vocal system and the BH variant has a three-vocal system. In addition, these three variants, BK, BH and BA have 18 consonant system. This paper concludes that the Banjar Beriah Purba variant has an ancient three vocal system, namely * i, * a and * u and three ancient dialects, namely * aw, * aj, and * uj. BBPV also has 18 ancient consonants, i.e * p, * b, * t, * d, * k, * g, * s, * h, * tS, * dZ, * m, * n, * ø, * N, * r, * l, * w, and * j. This study is hoped to expand the limited knowledge related to Ancient Malay Language.Keywords: Banjar Beriah Proto variant; reconstruction; proto dialect; variant; sound correspondences.Cite as: Aman, R.,  Othman, N.N., Shahidi, A. H., Iswary, E., &amp; Anwar, O.D. (2018). Rekonstruksi dalaman Varian Banjar Beriah Purba [Internal reconstruction of Banjar Beriah Proto Variants]. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 3(2), 92-106. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol3iss2pp92-106 ABSTRAKKajian ini mendeskripsikan sistem fonologi varian dialek Banjar Kuala (BK), Banjar Hulu (BH) dan Banjar Alai (BA). Deskripsi fonologi ini digunakan untuk merekonstruksi bentuk dialek purba yang diandaikan wujud pada suatu ketika dulu, iaitu Varian Banjar Beriah Purba (VBBP). Usaha merekonstruksi dialek purba ini dijalankan dengan menggunakan kaedah perbandingan kualitatif melalui pencerakinan perangkat kesepadanan bunyi. Hasil dapatan fonologi mengesahkan bahawa varian BK dan BA memiliki sistem lima vokal dan varian BH memiliki sistem tiga vokal. Selain itu, ketiga-tiga varian ini, iaitu BK, BH dan BA memiliki sistem 18 buah konsonan. Berdasarkan dapatan rekonstruksi pula, varian Banjar Beriah Purba memiliki sistem tiga vokal purba, iaitu *i, *a dan *u dan tiga buah diftong purba, iaitu *aw, *aj, dan *uj. Selanjutnya, VBBP juga memiliki 18 buah konsonan purba, iaitu *p, *b, *t, *d, *k, *g, *s, *h, *tS, *dZ, *m, *n, *ø, *N, *r, *l, *w, dan *j. Kajian ini diharapkan dapat mengembangkan lagi pengetahuan berkaitan bahasa Melayik Purba.Kata kunci: Varian Banjar Beriah Purba; Rekonstruksi; Dialek Purba; Varian; Perangkat kesepadanan

Inhibition of G-protein signalling in cardiac dysfunction of intellectual developmental disorder with cardiac arrhythmia (IDDCA) syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Pathogenic variants of GNB5 encoding the β5 subunit of the guanine nucleotide-binding protein cause IDDCA syndrome, an autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder associated with cognitive disability and cardiac arrhythmia, particularly severe bradycardia. METHODS: We used echocardiography and telemetric ECG recordings to investigate consequences of Gnb5 loss in mouse. RESULTS: We delineated a key role of Gnb5 in heart sinus conduction and showed that Gnb5-inhibitory signalling is essential for parasympathetic control of heart rate (HR) and maintenance of the sympathovagal balance. Gnb5-/- mice were smaller and had a smaller heart than Gnb5+/+ and Gnb5+/- , but exhibited better cardiac function. Lower autonomic nervous system modulation through diminished parasympathetic control and greater sympathetic regulation resulted in a higher baseline HR in Gnb5-/- mice. In contrast, Gnb5-/- mice exhibited profound bradycardia on treatment with carbachol, while sympathetic modulation of the cardiac stimulation was not altered. Concordantly, transcriptome study pinpointed altered expression of genes involved in cardiac muscle contractility in atria and ventricles of knocked-out mice. Homozygous Gnb5 loss resulted in significantly higher frequencies of sinus arrhythmias. Moreover, we described 13 affected individuals, increasing the IDDCA cohort to 44 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that loss of negative regulation of the inhibitory G-protein signalling causes HR perturbations in Gnb5-/- mice, an effect mainly driven by impaired parasympathetic activity. We anticipate that unravelling the mechanism of Gnb5 signalling in the autonomic control of the heart will pave the way for future drug screening

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P &lt; 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

Creating Alternative Fiber: Redesigning cleaning operating consideration and principles

Each artist reflects what he observes and is conscious of his societal environment.&nbsp; Waste from human activities pollute the environment extensively, resulting in odour pollution for the surrounding population. The main purpose of this study is to introduce and educate the residents of Felda Besout 5, Sungkai Perak on broiler rabbits hide tanning process.&nbsp; Consequently, rabbit hide scraps can be made into handicrafts which generates secondary income. This project was conducted with a group of 100 settlers using experimental and exploratory methods. These handicrafts can be fully commercialised nationally and internationally. Keywords: Waste Material, Alternative Fiber, Cleaning Operating, Entrepreneurs eISSN: 2398-4287© 2022. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning &amp; Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DO

Mitigation of toxic alexandrium tamiyavanichii using chitosan-silica composite = Mitigasi alexandrium tamiyavanichii bertoksik menggunakan komposit kitosan-silika

The harmful algal bloom (HABs) phenomena affects human health, ecosystems, fishing, and tourism industries. In a single occasion, the loss due to HABs can reach thousands of Ringgit Malaysia. In this study, a chitosan-silica composite (RHA-CHi) was synthesized via sol-gel technique for the mitigation of Alexandrium tamiyavanichii, a toxic HAB species isolated from Malaysian waters. Rice husk ash silica was used as the silica precursor in the composite synthesis. The FT-IR spectroscopy suggests that the chitosan was covalently bonded with the surface silanol groups. Light microscope analysis showed that the algal cells were stuck on the surface of the composite and underwent lysis. The incorporation of chitosan decreased the surface negative charge of the silica, hence, increasing the electrostatic attraction between the cells and RHA-Chi. The removal efficiency of A. tamiyavanichii was 75% using 0.1 mg/mL of RHA-Chi in 2 hours, increasing to 85% after 24 hours. Reduced removal efficiency (16%) was observed using silica alone. The findings show that the chitosan-silica composite has high potential to be used in the mitigation of A. tamiyavanichii. ******************************************************************************************************** Fenomena ledakan alga-bahaya mengancam kesihatan manusia, industri perikanan dan pelancongan. Dalam satu kejadian, kerugian boleh mencecah ribuan Ringgit Malaysia. Dalam kajian ini, komposit kitosan-silika (RHA-CHi) telah disintesis melalui kaedah sol-gel untuk mitigasi Alexandrium tamiyavanichii, spesis bertoksik HAB yang dipencilkan dari perairan Malaysia. Abu sekam padi telah digunakan sebagai pelopor silika dalam sintesis komposit. Spektroskopi FT-IR menunjukkan kitosan terikat secara kovalen dengan kumpulan silanol permukaan. Analisis mikroskopi cahaya menunjukkan sel alga melekat pada permukaan komposit dan mengalami lisis. Penggabungan kitosan telah mengurangkan cas negatif permukaan silika lalu meningkatkan tarikan elektrostatik antara sel dan RHA-Chi. Kecekapan penyingkiran A. tamiyavanichii dalam masa 2 jam apabila 0.1 mg/ml RHA-Chi digunakan adalah 75% dan meningkat ke 85% selepas 24 jam manakala pengurangan kecekapan penyingkiran (16%) diperhatikan bagi silika sahaja. Penemuan ini menunjukan komposit kitosan-silika mempunyai potensi yang tinggi untuk digunakan dalam mitigasi ledakan alga-bahaya terutamanya A. tamiyavanichii