Non-Invasive Methods for Early Diagnosis of Oral Cancer

Oral cancer is a public health problem because of its high morbidity and mortality, and when not treated in a timely manner, it is significantly mutilating, causing damage to the physical and psychological aspects of patients and directly interfering with their quality of life. Several factors influence the early diagnosis of this pathology, including lack of self-care related to oral health, especially among people with prolonged use of dental prosthesis; delayed perception of the lesion; delayed search for professional assistance since the lesion is noticed by the patient; lack of information about oral cancer, its risk and protective factors, and oral lesions that may be suggestive of cancer; lack of health promotion and prevention activities aimed at oral cancer; and lack of training in oral cancer among oral health professionals. These factors must be tackled to promote the timely diagnosis of this pathology. The use of reliable noninvasive diagnosis methods is also important because they can be easily made available in low resource settings, increasing the coverage of people who are under risk of developing oral cancer

o caso do Programa Academia da Cidade Recife, Pernambuco

Publisher Copyright: © 2022, Institute de Medicina Social da UERJ. All rights reserved.Health promotion policies in several countries propose the practice of physical activity in their guidelines. Assessing the results of these interventions, while providing important decision support, can be challenging. For this study, a theory-drive-evaluation was used, analysis of the contribution. The intervention results chain, the theory of change (ToC), was explained to analyze the elements related to the sustainability of the results of a program called Academia da Cidade (PAC), from 2002 to 2016. For ToC validation, interviews with ten key informants were carried out, and four focus groups were held from June to August 2016. The ToC test was carried out by integrating the qualitative data produced, as well as by performing a literature review and the review of official and technical documents. Thematic content analysis was used. The results indicated that most of the assumptions were confirmed in the presence of other influencing factors (contextual and rival explanations). ToC testing revealed the plausibility and validity of the program’s theory, allowing us to conclude that the sustainability of PAC structuring factors contributed to the maintenance of the expected outcomes, despite the instability that occurred from 2012 to 2016.publishersversionpublishe

Cirurgia bariátrica: complexidades e caminhos para a atenção da obesidade no SUS

RESUMO Este ensaio objetivou analisar como o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) tem lidado com o aumento da obesidade com indicação para cirurgia bariátrica no Brasil e apontar caminhos para a atenção à saúde integral dessa população. Fez-se um resgate do momento político-histórico de transformação epistemológica da obesidade e suas repercussões para indivíduos, sociedade, sistema de saúde e outros setores; expuseram-se alguns ataques sofridos pelo SUS, em especial os mais recentes, que afetam o já dificultoso acesso à cirurgia bariátrica; e refletiu-se sobre estratégias que buscam garantia da atenção à essa população e a sustentabilidade do sistema de saúde. Destacam-se os documentos produzidos pelo próprio Ministério da Saúde para a orientação do cuidado da obesidade, haja vista sua consonância com as evidências científicas mais atuais e sua utilização por outros países na construção de suas políticas. Ademais, reforça-se a importância do compartilhamento de responsabilidades entre todos os atores envolvidos; a regulamentação da publicidade voltada ao público que possui obesidade; o mandatório aumento de financiamento do SUS; e a utilização da avaliação em saúde de políticas, serviços e ações, para que se façam os ajustes necessários em tempo oportuno, garantindo uma melhor gestão do cuidado em saúde

Educomunicação, Transformação Social e Desenvolvimento Sustentável

Esta publicação apresenta os principais trabalhos dos GTs do II Congresso Internacional de Comunicação e Educação nos temas Transformação social, com os artigos que abordam principalmente Educomunicação e/ou Mídia-Educação, no contexto de políticas de diversidade, inclusão e equidade; e, em Desenvolvimento Sustentável os artigos que abordam os avanços da relação comunicação/educação no contexto da educação ambiental e desenvolvimento sustentável

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

O contributo da literatura para a infância para a desconstrução de estereótipos de género

Relatório de Prática de Ensino Supervisionada apresentado à Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa para obtenção de grau de mestre em Ensino do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico e de Português e História e Geografia de Portugal no 2.º Ciclo do Ensino BásicoO presente relatório foi elaborado no âmbito da Unidade Curricular Prática de Ensino Supervisionada II, do Mestrado em Ensino do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico e de Português e História e Geografia de Portugal no 2.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico. Na primeira parte, é realizada uma descrição analítica e reflexiva da prática pedagógica desenvolvida nos contextos do 1.º e do 2.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico. No 1.º Ciclo, a prática pedagógica decorreu numa turma de 4.º ano de escolaridade e no 2.º Ciclo em duas turmas do 6.º ano. Na segunda parte do relatório, é apresentado um estudo empírico realizado numa turma de 4º ano. Este estudo emergiu, essencialmente, das potencialidades e das fragilidades dos alunos, tendo como objetivo geral desenvolver a competência textual de alunos do 4.º ano ao nível da produção de texto expositivo e como questão de investigação «Qual o efeito que uma intervenção centrada no modelo de sequência didática tem no desenvolvimento de competências de escrita dos alunos ao nível da produção de texto expositivo?» Os objetivos específicos delineados são: (i) mobilizar estratégias de seleção e tratamento de informação; (ii) planificar textos expositivos respeitando o plano de texto; (iii) textualizar o texto expositivo mobilizando as características de macro e microestrutura; (iv) rever textos expositivos recorrendo a grelhas de revisão. O desenho do estudo contemplou uma diagnose inicial (pré-teste), uma intervenção didática (com recolha de uma produção intermédia) e a uma avaliação final (pós-teste). Adotou-se uma metodologia de natureza qualitativa, recorrendo-se a dados quantitativos para complementar a análise. As produções escritas dos alunos foram analisadas com base num conjunto de indicadores, que permitiram verificar um expressivo desenvolvimento da competência de escrita de textos expositivos, nomeadamente ao nível da apresentação de uma introdução e uma conclusão, na organização do texto por parágrafos e na utilização de conectores.ABSTRACT This report was prepared within the scope of the Supervised Teaching Practice II, part of the Master in Teaching the 1st Cycle of Basic Education and Portuguese and History and Geography of Portugal in the 2nd Cycle of Basic Education. In the first part, an analytical and reflective description of the pedagogical practice developed in the contexts of the 1st and 2nd Cycle of Basic Education is carried out. In the 1st cycle, the pedagogical practice took place in a 4th grade class and in the 2nd cycle in two 6th grade classes. In the second part of the report, an empirical study carried out in a 4th grade class is presented. This study emerged, essentially, from the potentialities and weaknesses of students, with the general objective of developing the textual competence of 4th year students in terms of producing expository texts and as a research question «What effect does an intervention centered on the didactic sequence model have on the development of students' writing skills at the level of expository text production?» The specific objectives outlined are: (i) to mobilize information selection and treatment strategies; (ii) plan expository texts respecting the text plan; (iii) textualize the expository text by mobilizing the characteristics of macro and microstructure; (iv) review expository texts using review grids. The study design included an initial diagnosis (pre-test), a didactic intervention (with collection of an intermediate production) and a final evaluation (post-test). A qualitative methodology was adopted, resorting to quantitative data to complement the analysis. The written productions of the students were analyzed based on a set of indicators, which allowed to verify a significant development of the competence of writing expository texts, namely in terms of presenting an introduction and a conclusion, in the organization of the text by paragraphs and in the use of connectors.N/