Efectos fisiológicos y cognitivos de la cafeína en la infancia: Revisión sistemática de la literatura

Introduction: Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychostimulant worldwide. Its use among children is controversial: Although it produces an increase in brain activity, it could hamper growth and development in young consumers. The objective of this review was to identify the physical and cognitive effects of caffeine consumption in children. Material and methods: Details of the protocol for this systematic review were registered on PROSPERO and can be accessed at www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRDXXXXXXXXXXX. The search engines used were EBSCO, ScienceDirect, Pub Med and Clarivate analytics. Eligible subjects were under 12 years of age with intake or administration of caffeine and who manifested physical or cognitive changes. Results: Out of the 5,453 articles initially found, 20 experimental or observational studies (cross-sectional and longitudinal) were selected for this review, following the PRISMA methodology. Conclusions: The results obtained show that the consumption of caffeine in this population could cause alterations in growth, producing alterations in the sleep cycle due to interference in the secretion of growth hormone. On the other hand, cognitive performance was better in children with a history of caffeine citrate use in apnea of prematurity. In paidopsychiatric disorders, evidence was found that caffeine produces a better distribution of brain energy, although it may exacerbate symptoms in ADHD and autism.Introducción: La cafeína es el psicoestimulante más consumido en el mundo. Su uso entre los niños es controvertido, aunque produce un aumento en la actividad cerebral, podría obstaculizar el crecimiento y el desarrollo en los consumidores jóvenes. El objetivo de esta revisión fue identificar cuáles son los efectos físicos y cognitivos del consumo de cafeína por niños. Materiales y métodos: Los detalles del protocolo para esta revisión sistemática se registraron en PROSPERO y se puede acceder a ellos en www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRDXXXXXXXXXXX. Los motores de búsqueda utilizados, fueron EBSCO, ScienceDirect, Pub Med y Clarivate analytics. Los criterios de elegibilidad fueron sujetos menores de 12 años con ingesta o administración de cafeína que manifestaran cambios físicos o cognitivos. Resultados: Inicialmente, se encontraron 5.453 artículos, de los que se seleccionaron 20 estudios experimentales u observacionales (transversales y longitudinales) para esta revisión, siguiendo la metodología PRISMA. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que el consumo de cafeína en esta población, puede provocar alteraciones en el crecimiento, al producir alteraciones en el ciclo del sueño, debido a que interfiere con la secreción de la hormona del crecimiento. Por otro lado, el rendimiento cognitivo fue mejor en niños con historial de uso de citrato de cafeína en casos de apnea del prematuro. Para las alteraciones paidopsiquiátricas, se encontró evidencia de que la caféína produce una mejor distribución de la energía cerebral, aunque puede exacerbar la sintomatología en el TDAH y el autismo.

Peptides and Microorganisms Isolated from Soybean Sources with Antimicrobial Activity

Soybean has a high biological value because it is a potential nutraceutical that benefits human health. Isolated peptides of soybean have been associated with activities such as anticancer, antioxidants, antiobesity, antithrombotics, hypocholesterolemic, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory and antimicrobial, and this last activity is also obtained from microorganisms isolated from soybean subjected to processes such as fermentation, which can act directly against pathogens that are resistant to antibiotics or participate in the synthesis of new peptides with antimicrobial activity, so they could be used as preservatives in food as an alternative in the prevention of diseases. Strains of Bacillus subtilis isolated from soybean are mainly those that have the ability to inhibit the growth and proliferation of pathogens; some fungi such as Rhizopus microspores and Aspergillus oryzae have also had an inhibitory effect. This chapter describes the potential of microorganisms and peptides obtained from different sources of soybean against pathogenic microorganisms responsible for foodborne diseases

Caracterización de tres suelos en Hidalgo y Querétaro, México: disponibilidad y daño tóxico por arsénico en garbanzo (Cicer arietinum L.)

La presencia de arsénico (As) en suelos permite su migración hacia cultivos como el garbanzo (Cicer arietinum L.). En este trabajo se comparan contenidos de As en tres suelos de dos estados de la República Mexicana, y su acumulación en C. arietinum L. Los suelos resultaron moderadamente alcalinos, no salinos, reductores intermedios y con potenciales zeta (pZ) que indican suspensiones coloidales moderadamente estables. Con moderados contenidos de humedad y texturas franco- arcillosas, densidad aparente, capacidad de campo, agregados estables y capacidad de intercambio catiónico, significativamente diferentes y semejantes en velocidad de infiltración y espesor del horizonte A. En materia orgánica, carbono y nitrógeno son significativamente diferentes y con bajos contenidos. Existen diferencias importantes entre semillas de C. arietinum L. certificadas o no en su capacidad de germinación y desarrollo de raíces. El efecto genotóxico del As en raíces de C. arietinum L. se apreció por inducción de micronúcleos, reducción de 2,8 veces la división celular de muestras tratadas con agua con As, respecto de muestras control. Se apreció incremento de As de 9,5 veces en plántulas germinadas en suelo de El Salitre, que en suelo de Bella Vista, indicativo de migración del As. La suma de efectos de concentración de As en suelos y agua se incrementa 15,3 veces. Entre suelos de Bella Vista y Querétaro la correlación fue 2,9 veces mayor. En controles positivos los IBAs resultan 3 veces mayores que en las pruebas experimentales.La presencia de arsénico (As) en suelos permite su migración hacia cultivos como el garbanzo (Cicer arietinum L.). En este trabajo se comparan contenidos de As en tres suelos de dos estados de la República Mexicana, y su acumulación en C. arietinum L. Los suelos resultaron moderadamente alcalinos, no salinos, reductores intermedios y con potenciales zeta (pZ) que indican suspensiones coloidales moderadamente estables. Con moderados contenidos de humedad y texturas franco- arcillosas, densidad aparente, capacidad de campo, agregados estables y capacidad de intercambio catiónico, significativamente diferentes y semejantes en velocidad de infiltración y espesor del horizonte A. En materia orgánica, carbono y nitrógeno son significativamente diferentes y con bajos contenidos. Existen diferencias importantes entre semillas de C. arietinum L. certificadas o no en su capacidad de germinación y desarrollo de raíces. El efecto genotóxico del As en raíces de C. arietinum L. se apreció por inducción de micronúcleos, reducción de 2,8 veces la división celular de muestras tratadas con agua con As, respecto de muestras control. Se apreció incremento de As de 9,5 veces en plántulas germinadas en suelo de El Salitre, que en suelo de Bella Vista, indicativo de migración del As. La suma de efectos de concentración de As en suelos y agua se incrementa 15,3 veces. Entre suelos de Bella Vista y Querétaro la correlación fue 2,9 veces mayor. En controles positivos los IBAs resultan 3 veces mayores que en las pruebas experimentales

CAMBIOS EN LAS PROPIEDADES EDAFOLÓGICAS EN EL TIEMPO EN UN BOSQUE TEMPLADO DEL ESTADO DE HIDALGO, MÉXICO CHANGES IN SOIL PROPERTIES IN THE TIME IN A TEMPERATE FOREST OF STATE OF HIDALGO, MEXICO

Changes in soil properties were evaluated in a temperate forest located in the town of San Mateo Acaxochitán, Hidalgo, Mexico. Soil samples were taken at four depths in two periods (2004, S-04 and 2011, S- 11) to the results we applied the principal component analysis, the component one explained 51 % of variance; presented positive correlation between the variables S-04K, S-11NT, S11CO, S-04NT and S-04CO (group a), S-11pHact, S-04Da , S-04Ca , and S-04Mg (group b) and negative correlation between the variables: S-11Da, S-11Alint, S-11Dr, S-11Acint, and S-11PT (group c), and S-11C/N and S-04C/N (group d). The component two explained 31 % of variance , presented positive correlation between the variables: S-11PT, S-11Acint, S-04Mg , and S- 04Ca (group c) and negative correlation between S-04C/N and S-11C/N (group d). The analysis of variance showed that the soil variables that showed significant differences ( ≤ 0.05 ) between the S-04 and S-11 were: PT, Dr, pHpot , Acint , NT , K+ and Ca2+

Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Interpretation: By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk-outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk-outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk-outcome associations. METHODS: We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Stanaway JD, Afshin A, Gakidou E, et al. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1923-1994.Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017. Findings In 2017,34.1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 33.3-35.0) deaths and 121 billion (144-1.28) DALYs were attributable to GBD risk factors. Globally, 61.0% (59.6-62.4) of deaths and 48.3% (46.3-50.2) of DALYs were attributed to the GBD 2017 risk factors. When ranked by risk-attributable DALYs, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the leading risk factor, accounting for 10.4 million (9.39-11.5) deaths and 218 million (198-237) DALYs, followed by smoking (7.10 million [6.83-7.37] deaths and 182 million [173-193] DALYs), high fasting plasma glucose (6.53 million [5.23-8.23] deaths and 171 million [144-201] DALYs), high body-mass index (BMI; 4.72 million [2.99-6.70] deaths and 148 million [98.6-202] DALYs), and short gestation for birthweight (1.43 million [1.36-1.51] deaths and 139 million [131-147] DALYs). In total, risk-attributable DALYs declined by 4.9% (3.3-6.5) between 2007 and 2017. In the absence of demographic changes (ie, population growth and ageing), changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs would have led to a 23.5% decline in DALYs during that period. Conversely, in the absence of changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs, demographic changes would have led to an 18.6% increase in DALYs during that period. The ratios of observed risk exposure levels to exposure levels expected based on SDI (O/E ratios) increased globally for unsafe drinking water and household air pollution between 1990 and 2017. This result suggests that development is occurring more rapidly than are changes in the underlying risk structure in a population. Conversely, nearly universal declines in O/E ratios for smoking and alcohol use indicate that, for a given SDI, exposure to these risks is declining. In 2017, the leading Level 4 risk factor for age-standardised DALY rates was high SBP in four super-regions: central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia; north Africa and Middle East; south Asia; and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania. The leading risk factor in the high-income super-region was smoking, in Latin America and Caribbean was high BMI, and in sub-Saharan Africa was unsafe sex. O/E ratios for unsafe sex in sub-Saharan Africa were notably high, and those for alcohol use in north Africa and the Middle East were notably low. Interpretation By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning. Copyright (C) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd

Química

El documento sintetiza los resultados de la investigación realizada en las cebadas cultivadas en los estados de Hidalgo, Puebla y Tlaxcala

Efectos fisiológicos y cognitivos de la cafeína en la infancia: Revisión sistemática de la literatura

Introduction: Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychostimulant worldwide. Its use among children is controversial: although it produces an increase in brain activity, it could hamper growth and development in young consumers. The objective of this review was to identify the physical and cognitive effects of caffeine consumption in children. Material and Methods: The search engines used were EBSCO, ScienceDirect, PubMed and Clarivate Analytics. Eligible subjects were under 12 years of age with intake or administration of caffeine and who manifested physical or cognitive changes. Results: Out of the 5,453 articles initially found, 20 experimental or observational studies (crosssectional and longitudinal) were selected for this review, following the PRISMA methodology. Conclusions: The results obtained show that the consumption of caffeine in this population could cause alterations in growth, producing alterations in the sleep cycle due to interference in the secretion of growth hormone. On the other hand, cognitive performance was better in children with a history of caffeine citrate use in apnea of prematurity. In paidopsychiatric disorders, evidence was found that caffeine produces a better distribution of brain energy, although it may exacerbate symptoms in ADHD and autism.Introducción: La cafeína es el psicoestimulante más consumido en el mundo. Su uso entre los niños es controvertido, aunque produce un aumento en la actividad cerebral, podría obstaculizar el crecimiento y el desarrollo en los consumidores jóvenes. El objetivo de esta revisión fue identificar cuáles son los efectos físicos y cognitivos del consumo de cafeína por niños. Materiales y métodos: Los detalles del protocolo para esta revisión sistemática se registraron en PROSPERO y se puede acceder a ellos en www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRDXXXXXXXXXXX. Los motores de búsqueda utilizados, fueron EBSCO, ScienceDirect, Pub Med y Clarivate analytics. Los criterios de elegibilidad fueron sujetos menores de 12 años con ingesta o administración de cafeína que manifestaran cambios físicos o cognitivos. Resultados: Inicialmente, se encontraron 5.453 artículos, de los que se seleccionaron 20 estudios experimentales u observacionales (transversales y longitudinales) para esta revisión, siguiendo la metodología PRISMA. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que el consumo de cafeína en esta población, puede provocar alteraciones en el crecimiento, al producir alteraciones en el ciclo del sueño, debido a que interfiere con la secreción de la hormona del crecimiento. Por otro lado, el rendimiento cognitivo fue mejor en niños con historial de uso de citrato de cafeína en casos de apnea del prematuro. Para las alteraciones paidopsiquiátricas, se encontró evidencia de que la cafeína produce una mejor distribución de la energía cerebral, aunque puede exacerbar la sintomatología en el TDAH y el autismo

Fermentation of barley wort with Saccharomyces boulardii to generate a beverage with probiotic potential

Developing non-dairy functional beverages based on probiotics is a potential alternative for vegan consumers. It also becomes a big challenge since microorganisms can easily change chemical composition, acidity, color, and consumers’ acceptability. In this work, the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii was used to elaborate a fermented barley wort beverage. For the beverage formulations, the use of two flavors strawberry (SPB) and nutty (NPB) and two different inoculum concentrations (1 × 103 (SPB or NPB103) and 1 × 104 CFU/mL (SPB or NPB 104)) were considered. The fermentation was carried out at 37 °C under anaerobic conditions. The effect of the inoculum concentration was evaluated over reducing sugar consumption, the concentration of soluble solids, and pH. The best formulation was selected through a sensory evaluation. The profile of oligosaccharides and the resistance of the yeast to gastrointestinal conditions were determined only in the nutty flavor formulation (NPB 104). During the fermentation process, the content of oligosaccharides was increased compared to the unfermented wort, which improved the nutritional value. The analysis of resistance to simulated gastrointestinal conditions showed a decrease from 8.0 × 107 to 1.5 × 107 CFU/mL in the NPB 104 beverage. Barley wort is a potential medium to produce probiotic beverages with the yeast S. boulardii