Komunikasi pelanggaran adab: satu analisis konsep adab al-Attas dalam drama Ayam Jantan Ayam Betina

Tingkat diri manusia yang terbaik ialah peringkat diri akali, yang mana pada peringkat ini manusia berupaya melakukan penolakan terhadap permintaan diri hayawani yang berpaksikan nafsu keduniaan semata-mata. Sehubungan itu, makalah ini membincangkan bagaimana konsep adab yang disarankan oleh Islam mampu mengupas persoalan nilai dalam teks drama Bidin Subari, Ayam Jantan Ayam Betina. Drama yang telah ditulis pada tahun 1974, masih lagi dipentaskan dan dibincangkan hingga ke hari ini. Dengan isu yang masih relevan, Bidin Subari mengangkat permasaalahan tentang masyarakat yang sering lupa untuk bertindak dalam batasan adab dan melakukan perkara yang sering bercanggah dengan agama Islam. Hal sedemikian telah mengundang pelbagai permasaalahan yang membingungkan. Watak-watak utama drama ini melalui gaya hidup moden yang agak melampau sehingga meyebabkan berlakunya kebejatan moral dan keruntuhan akhlak. Sehubungan itu, dilihat, penulis cuba merungkai natijah pelanggaran adab yang berlaku sehingga watak-watak yang beraksi dalam dalam drama ini menghampiri sifat diri hayawani. Skop perbincangan dalam kajian ini cuba untuk memperjelaskan lagi makna konsep adab dalam kehidupan masyarakat Melayu Islam seperti yang diperhalusi oleh Syed Naquib al-Attas dalam artikel beliau yang dipetik melalui buku yang dihasilkan oleh Wan Mohd. Nor Wan Daud berjudul, Ilmuan Penyambung Tradisi. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa, kemodenan tanpa had akan memberi kesan jangka panjang dalam kehidupan masyarakat. Masalah kekeliruan tentang agama timbul kerana kurang faham makna dan landasan agama Islam dan konsep adab yang sebenarnya

Assessment of risk associated with road infrastructure development in the developing countries.

Developing countries are striving to build their infrastructure to foster their economic growth. Authors discovered that continuous rising in the access to locations along with spending on infrastructure enhances the economic development and growth of developing countries. However, this development process comes with various challenges such as the right of way, traffic management, diversions, noise, vibration, dust etc. In addition to that, the weak performance of road construction projects in these countries can be attributed to the inefficient understanding and deployment of risk management. As a result of these challenges, residents, businesses, travellers etc. are subject to risks at different levels and magnitudes. This study aims to identify and measure the risks associated with infrastructure development within cities in the developing nations. A questionnaire is used as a tool for data collection; the collected data is then analysed using percentages and Risk Assessment Matrix (RAM). The study identifies the significant risks associated with road infrastructure development (i.e. Heavy, traffic, Dust and Accident and Destruction) in the cities and their severity. This study contributes to identifying rating and likelihood of the associated risks while evaluating the critical risks that needed attention

Pembelajaran nahwu dengan lagu di Madrasah Darul Hikmah Lombok

Metode pembelajaran yang digunakan dalam pembelajaran nahwu hendaklah tidak monoton dan tidak mengesankan nahwu itu sulit dan membosankan seperti yang terjadi di Madrasah Darul Hikmah Darek Lombok Tengah, tetapi guru hendaklah kreatif inovatif memakai metode yang mudah dan menyenangkan pada saat proses pembelajaran nahwu . Dari pemaparan di atas peneliti tertarik untuk menerapkan salah satu metode yang bisa mengobati kesulitan-kesulitan atau masalah- masalah dalam pembelajaran nahwu yaitu dengan metode media lagu. Dengan demikian dua masalah dirumuskan 1) bagaimana proses pembelajaran nahwu menggunakan metode lagu di kelas XI madrasah Darul Hikmah Darek Lombok Tengah. 2) bagaimana respond peserta didik terhadap pembelajaran nahwu dengan lagu di kelas XI madrasah Darul Hikmah Darek Lombok Tengah. Desain penelitian yang digunakan peneliti menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif bersifat deskriptif, Selanjutnya terkait teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik observasi dan angket. Hasil dari penelitian pembelajaran nahwu dengan lagu di madrasah Darul Hikmah Darek Lombok Tengah yaitu: 1) proses pembelajaran nahwu dengan lagu yaitu: a) penyampaian materi, b) guru mereview, c) guru menulis lirik, d) guru melagukan, e) melagukan Bersama, f) siswa mencatat, g) melagukan ke depan (perorangan), dan yang terakhir evaluasi. 2) respon siswa terhadap pembelajaran nahwu dengan lagu yaitu: lebih menyenangkan, lebih ceria, lebih aktif, lebih percaya diri, cepat memahami, dan cepet menghafal kaidah nahwu

تداخل اللغة الإندونيسية مع اللغة العربية في محادثة الطلاب بمعهد نور الحكيم لومبوك الغربية/Indonesian interference on Arabic in the conversation of the students of Nurul Hakim's Islamic boarding school, West Lombok

This study aims to study the forms of Indonesian language interferention in Arabic used by students in the madrasah environment who practice their knowledge of Arabic every day and aims to discuss the factors that influence language intervention and the impact of language intervention on students' conversations. This research is qualitative research using descriptive method. The data obtained in this study were through observation and interviews with students and teachers at one of the schools at the Nur Hakim's Islamic boarding school, West Lombok. The results showed that Arabic was used by students at the Nur Hakim's Islamic boarding school, West Lombok. It turns out that they are still very much influenced by their mother tongue, namely Indonesian. These interventions are spread over several aspects such as phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicography. Teachers try to minimize various forms of language disorders by conducting conversational activities regularly, teaching Arabic grammar and asking students to memorize Arabic vocabulary

Kesantunan bahasa dalam kalangan remaja sekolah menengah

Kesantunan bahasa merujuk penggunaan bahasa yang halus, beradab sopan, lemah lembut serta tidak menyinggung perasaan pendengar. Namun, kebelakangan ini remaja sekolah didapati lebih menggunakan strategi ketidaksantunan dalam perbualan mereka. Oleh itu, makalah ini bertujuan mengenal pasti dan menganalisis penggunaan kata dan ujaran santun oleh remaja sekolah menggunakan pendekatan pragmatik. Seramai 154 orang remaja sekolah menengah yang dipilih daripada enam buah sekolah dijadikan sampel kajian. Data diperoleh menggunakan teknik temu bual dan dianalisis menggunakan Prinsip Kesopanan Leech (1983). Dapatan kajian menunjukkan remaja sekolah paling kerap menggunakan maksim santun dan maksim kerendahan hati dalam perbualan mereka. Perkataan yang paling kerap digunakan untuk menunjukkan nilai santun ialah kata “boleh” “ingin”, “nak” dan “mahu”. Remaja juga turut mengujarkan kata “maaf” atau dalam bahasa Inggeris “sorry” sebagai strategi untuk berlaku santun kepada pendengar. Penggunaan kata “hai” dan ujaran yang terlalu berterus terang didapati telah melanggar Prinsip Kesopanan Leech

Distinct monkeypox virus lineages co-circulating in humans before 2022

The 2022 global mpox outbreak raises questions about how this zoonotic disease established effective human-to-human transmission and its potential for further adaptation. The 2022 outbreak virus is related to an ongoing outbreak in Nigeria originally reported in 2017, but the evolutionary path linking the two remains unclear due to a lack of genomic data between 2018, when virus exportations from Nigeria were first recorded, and 2022, when the global mpox outbreak began. Here, 18 viral genomes obtained from patients across southern Nigeria in 2019-2020 reveal multiple lineages of monkeypox virus (MPXV) co-circulated in humans for several years before 2022, with progressive accumulation of mutations consistent with APOBEC3 activity over time. We identify Nigerian A.2 lineage isolates, confirming the lineage that has been multiply exported to North America independently of the 2022 outbreak originated in Nigeria, and that it has persisted by human-to-human transmission in Nigeria for more than 2 years before its latest exportation. Finally, we identify a lineage-defining APOBEC3-style mutation in all A.2 isolates that disrupts gene A46R, encoding a viral innate immune modulator. Collectively, our data demonstrate MPXV capacity for sustained diversification within humans, including mutations that may be consistent with established mechanisms of poxvirus adaptation.</p

Human activity learning for assistive robotics using a classifier ensemble

Assistive robots in ambient assisted living environments can be equipped with learning capabilities to effectively learn and execute human activities. This paper proposes a human activity learning (HAL) system for application in assistive robotics. An RGB-depth sensor is used to acquire information of human activities, and a set of statistical, spatial and temporal features for encoding key aspects of human activities are extracted from the acquired information of human activities. Redundant features are removed and the relevant features used in the HAL model. An ensemble of three individual classifiers—support vector machines (SVMs), K-nearest neighbour and random forest - is employed to learn the activities. The performance of the proposed system is improved when compared with the performance of other methods using a single classifier. This approach is evaluated on experimental dataset created for this work and also on a benchmark dataset—the Cornell Activity Dataset (CAD-60). Experimental results show the overall performance achieved by the proposed system is comparable to the state of the art and has the potential to benefit applications in assistive robots for reducing the time spent in learning activities

Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Interpretation: By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning

Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.

BACKGROUND: Healthy life expectancy (HALE) and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) provide summary measures of health across geographies and time that can inform assessments of epidemiological patterns and health system performance, help to prioritise investments in research and development, and monitor progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We aimed to provide updated HALE and DALYs for geographies worldwide and evaluate how disease burden changes with development. METHODS: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015) for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost (YLLs) and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for each geography, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using the Sullivan method, which draws from age-specific death rates and YLDs per capita. We then assessed how observed levels of DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends calculated with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator constructed from measures of income per capita, average years of schooling, and total fertility rate. FINDINGS: Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2015, with decreases in communicable, neonatal, maternal, and nutritional (Group 1) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Much of this epidemiological transition was caused by changes in population growth and ageing, but it was accelerated by widespread improvements in SDI that also correlated strongly with the increasing importance of NCDs. Both total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most Group 1 causes significantly decreased by 2015, and although total burden climbed for the majority of NCDs, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined. Nonetheless, age-standardised DALY rates due to several high-burden NCDs (including osteoarthritis, drug use disorders, depression, diabetes, congenital birth defects, and skin, oral, and sense organ diseases) either increased or remained unchanged, leading to increases in their relative ranking in many geographies. From 2005 to 2015, HALE at birth increased by an average of 2·9 years (95% uncertainty interval 2·9-3·0) for men and 3·5 years (3·4-3·7) for women, while HALE at age 65 years improved by 0·85 years (0·78-0·92) and 1·2 years (1·1-1·3), respectively. Rising SDI was associated with consistently higher HALE and a somewhat smaller proportion of life spent with functional health loss; however, rising SDI was related to increases in total disability. Many countries and territories in central America and eastern sub-Saharan Africa had increasingly lower rates of disease burden than expected given their SDI. At the same time, a subset of geographies recorded a growing gap between observed and expected levels of DALYs, a trend driven mainly by rising burden due to war, interpersonal violence, and various NCDs. INTERPRETATION: Health is improving globally, but this means more populations are spending more time with functional health loss, an absolute expansion of morbidity. The proportion of life spent in ill health decreases somewhat with increasing SDI, a relative compression of morbidity, which supports continued efforts to elevate personal income, improve education, and limit fertility. Our analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework on which to benchmark geography-specific health performance and SDG progress. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform financial and research investments, prevention efforts, health policies, and health system improvement initiatives for all countries along the development continuum. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation