Evaluación económica de la producción de mojarra castarrica en palizada, Campeche, México

El presente trabajo de investigación se realizó en la organización de productores denominada Producción pesquera y acuícola de bienes y servicios acuacultores de la Rivera Alta S.C. de R.L. de C.V. en Palizada, Campeche, México; el cual tiene como propósito determinar la rentabilidad del proyecto de inversión de mojarra castarrica para informar si los recursos que se invirtieron han permitido capitalizar a los miembros de la Sociedad Cooperativa. Por lo anterior, se calcularon los indicadores de rentabilidad que se establecen en la metodología para la formulación y evaluación de proyectos de inversión para medir la rentabilidad de la organización de productores, los cuales son: Valor Actual Neto (VAN), Relación Beneficio Costo (B/C), Relación Beneficio-Inversión Neta (N/K) y la Tasa Interna de Retorno (TIR). Los resultados obtenidos en un periodo de análisis de 10 años son: VAN = 563,743; B/C = 1.34; N/K = 8.79 y la TIR = 141.6%. Al efectuarse el análisis de sensibilidad a la estructura de ingresos y costos totales se observó que el proyecto puede sufrir una disminución de los ingresos de alrededor de 20% siendo rentable y por el lado de los costos totales puede tener un aumento de alrededor de 20% y muestra redituabilidad

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Proveedores e industrias de destino de maíz en México

El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la oferta, la demanda y las industrias de destino del maíz, desde la perspectiva de las relaciones de compra y venta que establecen los almacenes en México. Se procede con Análisis de Redes Sociales (ARS), para lo cual se utiliza Microsoft Excel para la construcción de matrices, y Ucinet 6 - NetDraw 2.097 para el análisis y repre-sentación gráfica. Los resultados muestran que en el abasto de maíz a los almacenes predominan los productores individua-les como proveedores, los principales compradores son em-presas nacionales y los principales destinos son las industrias de la masa y la tortilla y de alimentos balanceados

PRODUCCIÓN DE NOPAL VERDURA EN CONDICIONES DE INVERNADERO

The vegetable “nopal” production or “nopalitos” is distinctive on the Mexican diet due to its nurturing and medicinal properties, mainly in Texcoco, State of Mexico; the place in which the research was carried out. In this sense, the investment project was evaluated so as to know the profitability indicators for the production of the “nopal” vegetable in greenhouse conditions. In order to achieve these results, information about the costs of the greenhouses was collected, differed costs, labor capital and the volume of production was determined on a surface of 16,800 m2. In addition, the retail prices took also an important part on the research so as to measure the income this project generates. Results show that the cost structure is formed by 91.0% of fixed costs, 4.8% differed costs and 4.2% labor capital, indicating that the total of investment was of $6,927,692.05. The eleven-year financial evaluation showed that the project is profitable, because the Net Actual Value (NAV) = 3,266,706, Cost Benefit Ratio = 1.15, Net Investment Ratio = 1.45, Internal Return Rate (IRR) of a 20.6% and the balance point in 26.8%. Besides, it was found that the project suffers no alteration by price changes and increment of production costs

EVALUACIÓN ECONÓMICA DE LA PRODUCCIÓN DE MOJARRA CASTARRICA EN PALIZADA, CAMPECHE, MÉXICO

The present research was made in the producer's organization named Fishing and Aquaculture production of goods and aquaculture services of the High Rivera S.C. of R.L. in Palizada, Campeche, Mexico; This research aimed to determine the profitability of the investment project of mojarra castarrica to prove whether the invested resources have been able to increase earnings to the Cooperative Society members. Based on the above, the profitability indicators were calculated as established in the methodology for the formulation and evaluation of investment projects in order to measure the profitability of the producers' organization; such indicators were: Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit-Cost Relationship (B/C), Benefit-Net Investment Relationship (N/K) and, the Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The results obtained in a ten year analysis period are: NPV = 563,743; B/C = 1.34 and the IRR = 141.6%. When the sensibility analysis was done to the income structure and total costs, it was observed that the project can suffer a revenue decrease of 20 percent, but the project will still be profitable. On the other side, the total costs may experience an increase of 20 percent and the project will continue giving utilities to the members of the economic organization

Fundamentos para el cálculo - MA384 201801

Descripción: El curso de Fundamentos para el Cálculo es un curso teórico - práctico, dictado en modalidad Blended, dirigido a los estudiantes de Administración del primer ciclo y que trabaja en las primeras unidades los temas de ecuaciones, inecuaciones y gráficas en el plano, para poder acometer el estudio de las funciones en la unidad 3, y usarlas para resolver problemas de aplicación con contexto real. Las clases se imparten en 3 sesiones semanales, las dos primeras son presenciales y la tercera es online. Propósito: El curso está diseñado para desarrollar en los estudiantes la competencia de Razonamiento Cuantitativo, a nivel 1, por medio del estudio de situaciones problemáticas a las que, de ahora en adelante nos referiremos como casos, cuyo dominio les ayudará a desenvolverse con éxito en situaciones que involucran el pensamiento matemático para la toma de decisiones

Ordenación territorial: una revisión desde los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible

Esta obra está integrad por diecisiete capítulos de libro que se organizan en tres partes: los servicios ecosistémicos; vulnerabilidad; y sostenibilidad, en el marco de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in children : an international, multicentre, prospective cohort study

Introduction Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). However, there is a lack of data available about SSI in children worldwide, especially from low-income and middle-income countries. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of SSI in children and associations between SSI and morbidity across human development settings. Methods A multicentre, international, prospective, validated cohort study of children aged under 16 years undergoing clean-contaminated, contaminated or dirty gastrointestinal surgery. Any hospital in the world providing paediatric surgery was eligible to contribute data between January and July 2016. The primary outcome was the incidence of SSI by 30 days. Relationships between explanatory variables and SSI were examined using multilevel logistic regression. Countries were stratified into high development, middle development and low development groups using the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Results Of 1159 children across 181 hospitals in 51 countries, 523 (45 center dot 1%) children were from high HDI, 397 (34 center dot 2%) from middle HDI and 239 (20 center dot 6%) from low HDI countries. The 30-day SSI rate was 6.3% (33/523) in high HDI, 12 center dot 8% (51/397) in middle HDI and 24 center dot 7% (59/239) in low HDI countries. SSI was associated with higher incidence of 30-day mortality, intervention, organ-space infection and other HAIs, with the highest rates seen in low HDI countries. Median length of stay in patients who had an SSI was longer (7.0 days), compared with 3.0 days in patients who did not have an SSI. Use of laparoscopy was associated with significantly lower SSI rates, even after accounting for HDI. Conclusion The odds of SSI in children is nearly four times greater in low HDI compared with high HDI countries. Policies to reduce SSI should be prioritised as part of the wider global agenda.Peer reviewe