Admissibility of Non-U.S. Electronic Evidence

After two long years collecting hundreds of gigabytes of e-mail, data base reports, and social media posts from countries in Europe, Asia, and South America, such as France, South Korea, Argentina, Canada, Australia, and El Salvador, the day of trial has arrived. The trial team has obtained the data at great cost, in dollars as well as person-hours, but is finally ready for trial. First-chair counsel, second-chair counsel, and four paralegals file into the courtroom, not with bankers boxes full of documents as in earlier times, but with laptops, tablet computers, and a data projector. Following opening statements, the first witness takes the stand. After a few questions about the existence of e-mails written by executives of the defendant multinational corporation, a paralegal moves to the projector, as she rehearsed many times, to flip on the switch that will project the e-mails for the jury. She hears, “Objection!” followed immediately by, “Sustained.” Counsel asks for a sidebar. Instead, the judge asks the court officer to take the jury out. She then notes that these e-mails, the production of which she had ruled upon previously, were created outside the U.S. Who will testify to their authenticity? What was the chain of custody—were they altered in some fashion in the office or between the client’s servers and counsel’s laptop? How, exactly, do the e-mails fit into an exception to the hearsay rule? Business records? What is the “business” of this foreign facility that requires the use of e-mail on a regular basis? Counsel asks for a continuance to respond to those questions. “Denied!” the judge says

Exile Vol. LV 2008-2009

52nd Year Season Cracking by Matthew Miller 4-5 Psychoanalysis by Nicholas Lewandowski 6-7 The Life You Learn From by Dan Sweatt 8 Phantom by Holly Burdorff 9-17 Faceless by Ellie Swensson 18 US Route 2 by Lauren Mallett 19 Chord Painting in A Minor by Holly Knouff 20 Hands by Halle Murcek 21-24 Hurrican Ike\u27s Detritus by Brandon McAdams 25-27 Paul\u27s Casting Out of Demons by Matthew Miller 28-29 The Language of Touch 30-31 Jayme Hughes 30-31 Bartleby and Bess by Elisabeth Giffin 32-35 Deserter\u27s Longing by Luke Gelber 36 Rolling Rock by Dan Sweatt 37 Faith by Jayme Hughes 38 Cover photo courtesy of Ellie Swensson -

Genetic associations at 53 loci highlight cell types and biological pathways relevant for kidney function.

Reduced glomerular filtration rate defines chronic kidney disease and is associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. We conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), combining data across 133,413 individuals with replication in up to 42,166 individuals. We identify 24 new and confirm 29 previously identified loci. Of these 53 loci, 19 associate with eGFR among individuals with diabetes. Using bioinformatics, we show that identified genes at eGFR loci are enriched for expression in kidney tissues and in pathways relevant for kidney development and transmembrane transporter activity, kidney structure, and regulation of glucose metabolism. Chromatin state mapping and DNase I hypersensitivity analyses across adult tissues demonstrate preferential mapping of associated variants to regulatory regions in kidney but not extra-renal tissues. These findings suggest that genetic determinants of eGFR are mediated largely through direct effects within the kidney and highlight important cell types and biological pathways

Genetic associations at 53 loci highlight cell types and biological pathways relevant for kidney function

Reduced glomerular filtration rate defines chronic kidney disease and is associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. We conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), combining data across 133,413 individuals with replication in up to 42,166 individuals. We identify 24 new and confirm 29 previously identified loci. Of these 53 loci, 19 associate with eGFR among individuals with diabetes. Using bioinformatics, we show that identified genes at eGFR loci are enriched for expression in kidney tissues and in pathways relevant for kidney development and transmembrane transporter activity, kidney structure, and regulation of glucose metabolism. Chromatin state mapping and DNase I hypersensitivity analyses across adult tissues demonstrate preferential mapping of associated variants to regulatory regions in kidney but not extra-renal tissues. These findings suggest that genetic determinants of eGFR are mediated largely through direct effects within the kidney and highlight important cell types and biological pathways

Defining the role of common variation in the genomic and biological architecture of adult human height

Using genome-wide data from 253,288 individuals, we identified 697 variants at genome-wide significance that together explained one-fifth of the heritability for adult height. By testing different numbers of variants in independent studies, we show that the most strongly associated ∼2,000, ∼3,700 and ∼9,500 SNPs explained ∼21%, ∼24% and ∼29% of phenotypic variance. Furthermore, all common variants together captured 60% of heritability. The 697 variants clustered in 423 loci were enriched for genes, pathways and tissue types known to be involved in growth and together implicated genes and pathways not highlighted in earlier efforts, such as signaling by fibroblast growth factors, WNT/β-catenin and chondroitin sulfate-related genes. We identified several genes and pathways not previously connected with human skeletal growth, including mTOR, osteoglycin and binding of hyaluronic acid. Our results indicate a genetic architecture for human height that is characterized by a very large but finite number (thousands) of causal variants