University of North Carolina School of Law

Kovvali, Aneil

Masur, Jonathan S.

Labor, Leisure, and Law

North Carolina International Law Journal

NORTH CAROLINA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW Volume 50 Number 1 Article 1 1-1-2025 Contents North Carolina International Law Journal Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj  Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation North Carolina International Law Journal, Contents, 50 N.C. J. INT'L L. (2025). Available at: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj/vol50/iss1/1 This Front Matter is brought to you for free and open access by Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in North Carolina Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact law_repository@unc.edu. CONTENTSARTICLESThe U.N. Global Plastics Treaty: How Narrative ShapesGlobal Environmental Policy .....................................1Ruth Jebe & Susan ParkIt’s Time to Rethink the Law of Armed Conflict ............67Joshua AndresenNo Way Home: Poland and Lithuania’s AsylumViolations in the Belarus Border Crisis .................141Julia KalutaStudy of the Hague System of International Design PatentProtection under the Paradigm of GlobalAdministrative Law ...............................................171Vaidehi Bachoti

English

Ebrahim, Tabrez Y.

Bioethics of Patents and Licensing

Mughal, Mahin

Virtually Unheard Of: Why U.S. Courts Needs Rules for Virtual Reality Evidence

Martinico, Giuseppe

Skoutaris, Nikos

Nullification and Secession in the EU constitutional order of States

North Carolina Journal of Law & Technology

NORTH CAROLINA JOURNAL OF LAW & TECHNOLOGY Volume 26 Issue 3 Article 1 4-1-2025 Front Matter North Carolina Journal of Law & Technology Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncjolt  Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation North Carolina Journal of Law & Technology, Front Matter, 26 N.C. J.L. & TECH. (2025). Available at: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncjolt/vol26/iss3/1 This Front Matter is brought to you for free and open access by Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in North Carolina Journal of Law & Technology by an authorized editor of Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact law_repository@unc.edu. North CaroliNa Journal of law & TechnologyApril 2025Volume 26, issue 3North CaroliNa JourNal of law & teChNologyBioethics of Patents and LicensingTabrez Y. EbrahimAre Technology and the Law on the Same “Wavelength”?: Examining the New Frontier of Brainwaves and Data PrivacyHon. John G. BrowningLiability for AI AgentsMaarten HerboschReimagining Social Media Through Middleware: A Structural Path to Competition and User Agency Madhavi SinghArticlesVolume 26 | Issue 3 | 2025Pages 297–510   BOARD OF EDITORS Daniel C. Self, Editor-in-ChiefBrynn C. Story, Managing Editor Benjamin M. Brown, Senior Articles EditorScott M. Finney, Executive Editor Abraham M. Loven, Publication Editor Sean P. Gaffney, Web Editor Alberto R. Bufalino, Symposium Editor  Articles Editors  Suzanne M. Camp Simon C. Cawley Justin M. Giles   Notes Editors  Waleed K. Alkoor Thomas J. Betz Olivia Nieri Andrew M. WatersSTAFF MEMBERS Denise D. Bahena-Bustos Graham S. Davis Jacob E. Dowler Davis Faw Brett R. Goble Maha Yasmeen Halabi Thomas C. Hammons Matthew W. Heldman Jillian J. Hughes Conner B. Martin Mahin Mughal Vaishnavi Muruganandam Kalee D. Nelson Miranda D. Papes Anjali K. Purohit Sunghyun Shin Sanam Sohrabian Benjamin D. Spain Kareem Subei Madigan E. Wolford Aleah Wordsworth FACULTY ADVISOR Jeffrey M. Hirsch   BOARD OF ADVISORS Alessandra L. Deiorio, Managing Editor, Vol. 24 Meredith K. Doswel, Editor-in-Chief, Vol. 23 Kaity Y. Emerson, Managing Editor, Vol. 22 Aaron R. Harmon, Editor-in-Chief, Vol. 8, Faculty Advisor, 2011–14 Jeffrey M. Hirsch, Faculty Advisor Sarah B. Kirschbaum, Editor-in-Chief, Vol. 22 John T. Kivus, Online Editor, Vol. 12 Erin Larson, Editor-in-Chief, Vol. 19 Tod Leaven, Editor-in-Chief, Vol. 11 Justin Mann, Managing Editor, Vol. 15 Jared A. Mark, Editor-in-Chief, Vol. 24 Mary U. Musacchia, Original Board Member Margaret McGee Roman, Managing Editor, Vol. 23 Alex Rutgers, Editor-in-Chief, Vol. 21 Gabby E. Supak, Managing Editor, Vol. 23 Julia R. Vaughan-Jones, Editor-in-Chief, Vol. 25  SPONSORS The North Carolina Journal of Law & Technology would like to thank the generous contributors who help make this Journal possible:   UNC Student Government   Jeffrey M. Hirsch Geneva Yeargan Rand Distinguished Professor of Law,  UNC School of Law   UNC Graduate and Professional Student Government  This publication is funded in part by student fees appropriated and disbursed by the UNC Student Government and the UNC School of Law Student Bar Association. Published by students of the University of North Carolina School of Law four times per year. General information about the Journal, information on how to submit articles for publication, and the NC JOLT Blog—home to short posts on recent law and technology developments—are also found on the Journal’s website. NC JOLT is an exclusively online publication. Articles are available on the Journal’s webpage at https://journals.law.unc.edu/ncjolt/ as well as through LexisNexis,  Westlaw, and HeinOnline subscription services. Print issues prior to Volume 25 can be purchased directly through William S. Hein & Co.; for later print issues, email me.ncjolt@gmail.com.  Source Archival: The Journal includes archival permalinks to ensure cited online sources remain available to readers in unaltered form. Permalinks labeled “staff-uploaded” were created manually. Permalinks labeled “dark archive” may be accessed  by contacting the Journal. Other materials labeled “on file” will be retained for a maximum of five years after publication.   Information for Authors: The Journal welcomes the submission of unsolicited  manuscripts for publication. Text and citations in the Journal conform generally to the twenty-first edition of The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation. Professors and practitioners are encouraged to submit double-spaced papers on contemporary  issues in the fields of law, science, and technology. The Journal also welcomes suggestions for future topics of research. Email submissions.ncjolt@gmail.com for further information.  Copyright Policy: Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that (1) copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage, (2) copies bear proper notice of this copyright, (3) copies include on the first page a full citation identifying the author and NC JOLT (including the article’s volume, page number,  and year of publication), and (4) notice of the use is given to NC JOLT. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the Journal must be honored; copyright to each article is owned by its respective author(s). Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers, or to redistribute to lists requires prior specific permission from and/or a fee paid to the copyright holder for use of the material.  Copyright © 2025, North Carolina Journal of Law & Technology. All rights reserved.  Cite as: 26 N.C. J.L. & TECH.        (2025).  Web Address: https://journals.law.unc.edu/ncjolt/       TABLE OF CONTENTS ARTICLES Bioethics of Patents and Licensing Tabrez Y. Ebrahim.............................................................................................. 297  Are Technology and the Law on the Same “Wavelength”?: Examining the New Frontier of Brainwaves and Data Privacy Hon. John G. Browning..................................................................................... 345  Liability for AI Agents Maarten Herbosch...............................................................................................391  Reimagining Social Media Through Middleware: A Structural Path to Competition and User Agency Madhavi Singh ....................................................................................................459      

Front Matter

NORTH CAROLINA JOURNAL OF LAW & TECHNOLOGY Volume 26 Issue 4 Article 1 5-1-2025 Front Matter North Carolina Journal of Law & Technology Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncjolt  Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation North Carolina Journal of Law & Technology, Front Matter, 26 N.C. J.L. & TECH. (2025). Available at: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncjolt/vol26/iss4/1 This Front Matter is brought to you for free and open access by Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in North Carolina Journal of Law & Technology by an authorized editor of Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact law_repository@unc.edu. Volume 26, Issue 4 | May 2025NORTH CAROLINA JOURNAL OF LAW & TECHNOLOGYHigh Stakes, Low Barriers: The Role of Technology and Regulation in the Rise of Online Sports GamblingConner MartinVirtually Unheard Of: Why U.S. Courts Need Rules for Virtual Reality EvidenceMahin MughalThe Digital War: How AI and Blockchain Serve as Catalysts in the Fight Against Human TraffickingSanam SohrabianIs Your Employer Watching You?: Invasive Employee Surveillance in the Modern EraMadigan WolfordNOTESVolume 26 | Issue 4 | 2025Pages 511–649NORTH CAROLINA JOURNAL of LAW & TECHNOLOGY   BOARD OF EDITORS Daniel C. Self, Editor-in-ChiefBrynn C. Story, Managing Editor Benjamin M. Brown, Senior Articles EditorScott M. Finney, Executive Editor Abraham M. Loven, Publication Editor Sean P. Gaffney, Web Editor Alberto R. Bufalino, Symposium Editor  Articles Editors  Suzanne M. Camp Simon C. Cawley Justin M. Giles   Notes Editors  Waleed K. Alkoor Thomas J. Betz Olivia Nieri Andrew M. WatersSTAFF MEMBERS Denise D. Bahena-Bustos Graham S. Davis Jacob E. Dowler Davis Faw Brett R. Goble Maha Yasmeen Halabi Thomas C. Hammons Matthew W. Heldman Jillian J. Hughes Conner B. Martin Mahin Mughal Vaishnavi Muruganandam Kalee D. Nelson Miranda D. Papes Anjali K. Purohit Sunghyun Shin Sanam Sohrabian Benjamin D. Spain Kareem Subei Madigan E. Wolford Aleah Wordsworth FACULTY ADVISOR Jeffrey M. Hirsch   BOARD OF ADVISORS Alessandra L. Deiorio, Managing Editor, Vol. 24 Meredith K. Doswel, Editor-in-Chief, Vol. 23 Kaity Y. Emerson, Managing Editor, Vol. 22 Aaron R. Harmon, Editor-in-Chief, Vol. 8, Faculty Advisor, 2011–14 Jeffrey M. Hirsch, Faculty Advisor Sarah B. Kirschbaum, Editor-in-Chief, Vol. 22 John T. Kivus, Online Editor, Vol. 12 Erin Larson, Editor-in-Chief, Vol. 19 Tod Leaven, Editor-in-Chief, Vol. 11 Justin Mann, Managing Editor, Vol. 15 Jared A. Mark, Editor-in-Chief, Vol. 24 Mary U. Musacchia, Original Board Member Margaret McGee Roman, Managing Editor, Vol. 23 Alex Rutgers, Editor-in-Chief, Vol. 21 Gabby E. Supak, Managing Editor, Vol. 23 Julia R. Vaughan-Jones, Editor-in-Chief, Vol. 25  SPONSORS The North Carolina Journal of Law & Technology would like to thank the generous contributors who help make this Journal possible:   UNC Student Government   Jeffrey M. Hirsch Geneva Yeargan Rand Distinguished Professor of Law,  UNC School of Law   UNC Graduate and Professional Student Government  This publication is funded in part by student fees appropriated and disbursed by the UNC Student Government and the UNC School of Law Student Bar Association. Published by students of the University of North Carolina School of Law four times per year. General information about the Journal, information on how to submit articles for publication, and the NC JOLT Blog—home to short posts on recent law and technology developments—are also found on the Journal’s website. NC JOLT is an exclusively online publication. Articles are available on the Journal’s webpage at https://journals.law.unc.edu/ncjolt/ as well as through LexisNexis, Westlaw, and HeinOnline subscription services. Print issues prior to Volume 25 can be purchased directly through William S. Hein & Co.; for later print issues, email me.ncjolt@gmail.com.  Source Archival: The Journal includes archival permalinks to ensure cited online sources remain available to readers in unaltered form. Permalinks labeled “staff-uploaded” were created manually. Permalinks labeled “dark archive” may be accessed by contacting the Journal.   Information for Authors: The Journal welcomes the submission of unsolicited manuscripts for publication. Text and citations in the Journal conform generally to the twenty-first edition of The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation. Professors and practitioners are encouraged to submit double-spaced papers on contemporary issues in the fields of law, science, and technology. The Journal also welcomes suggestions for future topics of research. Email submissions.ncjolt@gmail.com for further information.  Copyright Policy: Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that (1) copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage, (2) copies bear proper notice of this copyright, (3) copies include on the first page a full citation identifying the author and NC JOLT (including the article’s volume, page number, and year of publication), and (4) notice of the use is given to NC JOLT. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the Journal must be honored; copyright to each article is owned by its respective author(s). Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers, or to redistribute to lists requires prior specific permission from and/or a fee paid to the copyright holder for use of the material.  Copyright © 2025, North Carolina Journal of Law & Technology. All rights reserved.  Cite as: 26 N.C. J.L. & TECH.        (2025).  Web Address: https://journals.law.unc.edu/ncjolt/       TABLE OF CONTENTS NOTES High Stakes, Low Barriers: The Role of Technology and Regulation in the Rise of Online Sports Gambling Conner Martin ................................................................................................. 511  Virtually Unheard Of: Why U.S. Courts Need Rules for Virtual Reality Evidence Mahin Mughal ................................................................................................ 547  The Digital War: How AI and Blockchain Serve as Catalysts in the Fight Against Human Trafficking Sanam Sohrabian ........................................................................................... 585  Is Your Employer Watching You?: Invasive Employee Surveillance in the Modern Era Madigan Wolford ............................................................................................ 617      

Zeitlow, Rebecca E.

Abortion Rights, Fugitives from Slavery, and the Networks That Support Them

Surprise, Julian C.

Medical Debt Regulation and Law: Effects on Consumers and Industry

Silver, Dylan T.

Dead in the Water: A Critique of the Fourth Circuit’s Major Questions Analysis in \u3ci\u3eNorth Carolina Coastal Fisheries Reform Group v. Capt. Gaston LLC\u3c/i\u3e

University of North Carolina Hospitals

Not a member yet

Labor, Leisure, and Law

Contents

Bioethics of Patents and Licensing

Virtually Unheard Of: Why U.S. Courts Needs Rules for Virtual Reality Evidence

Nullification and Secession in the EU constitutional order of States

Front Matter

Front Matter

Abortion Rights, Fugitives from Slavery, and the Networks That Support Them

Medical Debt Regulation and Law: Effects on Consumers and Industry

Dead in the Water: A Critique of the Fourth Circuit’s Major Questions Analysis in \u3ci\u3eNorth Carolina Coastal Fisheries Reform Group v. Capt. Gaston LLC\u3c/i\u3e

9,445

9,473