Denison University

Brackley, Portia

English

The nature of a Small Town Church in Granville, Ohio.

Weed, Dosi

The Synapse: Intercollegiate science magazine Volume 35 Issue 1 Article 9 2023 Dosi Weed: Featured Artist Dosi Weed Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.denison.edu/synapse  Part of the Life Sciences Commons, and the Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons Recommended Citation Weed, Dosi (2023) "Dosi Weed: Featured Artist," The Synapse: Intercollegiate science magazine: Vol. 35: Iss. 1, Article 9. Available at: https://digitalcommons.denison.edu/synapse/vol35/iss1/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Denison Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Synapse: Intercollegiate science magazine by an authorized editor of Denison Digital Commons. 20 The SynapseDosi Weed is a I actually created this for an old issue of Synapse! The article this was for was about the ILOVEYOU virusand human psychology, and I couldn’t resist the urge to draw some brains. This design didn’t make it tothe final composition, but I still really enjoy the composition.Featured Artist: Dosi Weed21Feburary 2023 November 2This was created during a summer internship in Konstanz, Germany where I spent 3 months working in a collective behavior lab. The “big picture” of my research was discerning how the startle response of a single insect could propagate through a swarm of thousands; it was hands-down some of the coolestUnlike the Anchiornis piece, this illustration of a juvenile Parasaurolophus isn’t based on a specific holotype– rather, it’s a bit of speculation inspired by the book Locked in Time, which had a chapter about fossil evidence of death during river crossings which stuck with me for too long to not draw something related to it.

Dosi Weed: Featured Artist

Lukens, Grace

Prologue: A First-Year Writing Journal Volume 14 Article 4 Σωφροσύνη: Moderation (And the Lack Thereof) In Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility Grace Lukens Denison University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.denison.edu/prologue  Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation Lukens, Grace () "Σωφροσύνη: Moderation (And the Lack Thereof) In Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility," Prologue: A First-Year Writing Journal: Vol. 14, Article 4. Available at: https://digitalcommons.denison.edu/prologue/vol14/iss1/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Writing Center at Denison Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Prologue: A First-Year Writing Journal by an authorized editor of Denison Digital Commons. Process NoteGrace LukensThis piece has been something I’ve been working on for a long time- and I’m so excited Ihave the opportunity to publish it! Austen has been a favorite author of mine for years, and theopportunity to develop my own bigger picture analysis has been so fulfilling. In this piece, Ichoose to step back from Austen’s writing of Sense and Sensibility to examine and ignore thebiased lens through which it was originally written. From there, I argue for a more holistic lensthat allows for a clearer understanding of the characterization within the novel. I think this hasreally challenged my writing and analysis skills and taken them to a new level, and working withan editor for the first time on my own writing has been enjoyable and eye-opening. I would liketo thank my Professor and Advisor for this project, Regina Martin, for all her support andencouragement, along with the staff of Prologue for allowing me to put this piece out into theworld. Enjoy!Σωφροσύνη: Moderation (And the Lack Thereof) In Jane Austen’s Sense and SensibilityBy Grace LukensΣωφροσύνη, or sophrosyne, comes from the joining of two Greek words: sôs [σῶς],meaning “safe, sound, whole,” and phrḗn [φρήν], meaning “mind.” Defined as “temperance” andmoderation, the Greeks, who were the originators of the term, argue that in all aspects of thehuman experience, there should be a lack of excess (Merriam-Webster Dictionary). Theybelieved the correct way to live a life is through careful self restraint to create balance. JaneAusten’s novel Sense and Sensibility benefits from an exploration through these lenses ofsophrosyne and moderation, with a focus on the main characters: sisters Elinor and MarianneDashwood. The novel is written to portray Marianne as representing a mind lacking self-controland Elinor as representing a mind of moderation. The two sisters stand as two opposingworldviews: one of emotion and one of reason. The novel portrays Marianne’s mindset as theincorrect approach towards life, since her excess of emotion reveals her lacking ability tomoderate herself, while the text is inherently biased towards the sensical nature of Elinor andpresents her character as synonymous with the idea of moderation. But when viewing herbehaviors through the lens of moderation, Elinor is also an example of the lack of sophrosyne,but her conduct is in the opposite extreme as her sister. Through the novel, we see that Elinorexhibits a lack of moderation through means of repression, constructed through the perspectiveof other characters and heightened by the reader’s access to Elinor’s internal thought.In order to accurately make a comparison of the two sisters, it is important to note thatextreme lack of reservedness is one example of unbalanced moderation that the novel repeatedlyacknowledges is attached to Marianne’s character. Almost immediately the reader seesMarianne’s emotions explicitly characterized as “hav[ing] no moderation” (Austen 6).Throughout the novel, this lack of moderation is often shown by the way it categorizes theyounger sister. “It was only necessary to mention any favourite amusement to engage her totalk,” the novel comments. “She could not be silent...and she had neither shyness nor reserveduring [her] discussion[s].” (Austen 35). The way this quote talks about Marianne’s joy for herinterests suggests a negative connotation to her behaviors- in essence, the writing is structured toinfluence the reader to look down on Marianne’s behavior. As with many other character traitsexplored in this novel, the reader quickly realizes behaviors are either praised or condemned, andMarianne often is burdened with behaviors of the latter.As discussed, Marianne has no shame in things that bring her enjoyment, and this is trueespecially in the presence of men. However, this shameless merriment will directly lead to a neardeath experience for Marianne :the sickness of betrayal and heartbreak. She has been obsessedwith one man for most of the novel, John Willoughby, and she assumes they are to be marriedafter seeing each other for a while. However, it is revealed that he has been leading her on formany months and plans to marry another woman for her money. Heartbroken, Marianne fallsinto a grave illness, barely being able to recover from the intensity of her shock and heartbreak.After her recovery at the end of the novel, Marianne reflects deeply on the way her emotionalfolly and overzealous assumptions led to near-dire circumstances: “I saw that my own feelingshad prepared my sufferings, and that my want of fortitude under them had almost led me to thegrave.” (Austen 254). Marianne consequently begins to accept a mantle of emotionalmoderation, symbolizing she is actively growing into a more ‘morally acceptable’ character,much different from the girl who could not stop herself from talking at the start of the novel.Elinor, however, never experiences this pointed shift in character. This is because shenever sees herself as having characteristics that need to be improved or changed. From the start,she has been the novel’s model for how to think and behave, and this is because everycircumstance is experienced through Elinor’s worldview. More often than not, situations wherewe see her bias are ones concerning characteristics or behaviors that relate to imperfectemotional responses– something she deems out of line. She believes that sensible actions, notemotional ones, are indicative of good character.Elinor’s stance on her emotions manifests in multifaceted ways, and is most easilydivided into two main categories: her actions, or the way she presents herself to others, and herthoughts, or the way she interacts with herself. Elinor’s actions give access to an outsiderperspective towards her worldview, and because they are narrated from the third person, we get acorroboration of situations where Elinor’s behaviors are observed by others. By seeing Elinorthrough a third-person perspective that gives a view of Elinor as a person of sophrosyne, readerscan gain a heightened sense of the juxtaposition between her behaviors and the behaviors ofothers. Often, we see characters discuss Elinor’s behavior in conjunction with romanticendeavors, whether they be her own or those of her sister. Mrs. Dashwood wonders early on inthe novel about the surprising absence of Elinor’s love interest, Edward, at Barton Cottage.Marianne responds by recalling her observations on the couple’s emotionless goodbye. She tellsher mother that “‘Elinor, in quitting Norland and Edward, cried not as I did. Even now herself-command is invariable. When is she dejected or melancholy?’” (Austen 30). This is anexample of how Elinor seems completely unaffected by her separation from Edward from theoutside perspective. Both Marianne and Mrs. Dashwood wonder how Elinor can be so unmovedby leaving someone that she has great affection for. Her ‘invariable’ self-command is indicativeof firm character, but shows for the first time that her seeming composure may betray a deeperextreme. Logic remains a constant of Elinor’s behavior, however, even in situations that do notbenefit from such a view. She often comments coldly to their mother on the lack of affectionWilloughby shows Marianne, and dismisses Marianne’s feelings in favor of approaching theromantic situation logically. “Oh! Elinor, how incomprehensible are your feelings!” Elinor’smother exclaims at her coldness. “You had rather take evil upon credit than good” (Austen 58).Instead of offering supportive empathy to her sister, she immediately resorts to using rationality.This shows her tendency to use logic above any other faculties– her extreme usage of sense caninterfere with her compassion and gentleness. Behavior to this degree of reservedness andemotional detachment is antithetical to how the rest of Elinor’s world operates, revealing adisjointedness that is most easily observed through the perception of her actions by others.The outside picture of Elinor’s relationship with her emotions continues to be developedas she continues to interact with Edward. He eventually comes to visit Barton, but Mrs.Dashwood’s wish for a heartfelt reunion between Edward and her daughter does not occur.Instead, the family notices that “the meeting between Edward and [Elinor] was but acontinuation of that unaccountable coldness which [Marianne] had often observed at Norland intheir mutual behavior” (Austen 64). This shows another perspective into Elinor’s behavior: fromthe point of view of others, Elinor operates with a ‘coldness’, or a general lack of emotion thatpervades her actions and is off-putting and jolting. Marianne’s use of ‘unaccountable’ is subtle,but it reveals that the actions Elinor believes are led completely by sense do not always translateas sensical by observers. We can begin to realize now that Elinor is portrayed as a figure ofbalance through her own lens of what moderation means. With a neutral frame, she is clearlylacking sophrosyne, as she displays behaviors of extremity to the side of absolute logic, coldresponses, and lack of expression. But by showcasing the way she acts in emotional situationsfrom external perspectives, the framework is effectively set in the novel to show how sheoperates within her own definition of moderation. To add to the reader’s understanding of Elinor,her mindset becomes more comprehensive to the reader when subsequently examining passageswhere Elinor relays her introspective musings. When able to inspect Elinor’s personal thoughtsand feelings from her perspective, readers gain firsthand insight on how she views emotions.Instead of being in complete control of them, like how she prefers to present herself, it becomesclear she actually relies on extreme repression to create an illusion of moderation.We see this expression of Elinor’s inner monologue primarily through the lens of herrelationship with Edward. This is the one situation in which Elinor seems unable to distanceherself completely from her feelings, and thus forces her to speculate on her emotions and howto handle them. This internal battle that occurs throughout the novel culminates with the newsthat Edward has been long engaged to Lucy Steele, a woman Elinor is quite familiar with. Whenshe finds out, Elinor’s “heart sunk within her...but exertion was indispensably necessary, and shestruggled so resolutely” to suppress her feelings so as not to seem affected by the news (Austen99). This shows that Elinor does actually experience emotional reactions, but refuses to expressthem, and would rather put herself through arduous fatigue than be seen with anything other thana complete sense of composure. As a result, she relies on burying her emotions and refusing tofeel them as the way to achieve this, hinting at her unhealthy pattern of emotional dysregulation.Instead of being openly expressive she is emotionally repressive, demonstrating that herreactions are of the same caliber of extremity as Marianne, just in the opposite direction. Thelanguage used presents her composure as a valiant struggle rather than a problem, because Elinorviews it as ‘necessary’ to maintain her standard of moderation.The other response Elinor has to this situation is thorough logical examination of all thethings she knows about the circumstances pertinent to Edward’s engagement. She is only able toaccept that Lucy’s claim to her and Edward’s engagement is true when she has exhausted thesubject and can see no lingering breaks in logic or fact. She badly wants to believe theengagement is falsified, but she “dared no longer doubt; supported as it was too on every side bysuch probabilities and proofs, and contradicted by nothing but her own wishes” (Austen 101).This cold, methodical way of acceptance contrasts the way most of the characters in the novelwould react when discovering the man they care most for has been engaged to another. Sherefuses to accept Edward’s engagement as fact until she uses extreme logic to justify it- which isequally as intense as Marianne’s open excess of emotion. Elinor is shown to go to extrememeasures- exhausting all forms of logic to confirm a truth in order to maintain her standard ofmoderation through fact.Through the circumstances she experiences, Elinor’s response to emotions shifts slightlyby the end of the novel. When she believes Edward is married to another woman, she“condemned her heart for the lurking flattery, which so much heightened the pain of theintelligence” (Austen 262). This is the first time in which we see Elinor recognize her emotions(like she usually does) but does not proceed to endeavor to change them. There is no language ofaction here, simply frustration with herself at having emotions. While this may be a minutechange in perspective, it indicates the possibility for a more moderate response to her emotions,even though she still refuses to express them.Elinor feels an inherent sense of shame and condemnation around experiencingher emotions because they lack logical sense. Displayed emotion would be an understandablereaction for her in the situations she is faced with, but she refuses because it is not the mostsensical way forward. This betrays the extreme regulation she submits herself to. The fact thatshe refuses to let herself properly process these emotions and is subjugating them for the sake ofothers is an unhealthy behavioral pattern she persists with throughout the novel. Being privy tothese inner thoughts and feelings allow the reader to take the actual situations presented to them,and contextualize them with Elinor’s framework of extreme logic. By doing so, we can see thatshe takes things to an extreme degree, and though her perspective does not villainize logic like itdoes emotion, it is clear she is out of the pattern of sophrosyne.When viewing the two girls together through an impartial lens, it becomes evident thatthe two actually mirror each other’s flaws. While Marianne is emotionally volatile, too easilyinvested, and desperate for male attention, Elinor is emotionally repressive, coldly distanced, andrefuses to attach herself to others. I believe that Austen is trying to draw the sisters as foils, butthe only way readers can truly recognize the parallels is if Elinor’s bias is stripped away from thecomparison. ‘Sense and Sensibility’ refers to the two sisters- Elinor representing sense andMarianne representing sensibility. And as these girls are both on opposite extremes, the lens ofsophrosyne is incredibly useful due to the fact it gives readers a way to accurately compare thetwo characters and their lack of moderation within the novel.Works CitedAusten, Jane. Sense and Sensibility. 1811, Oxford World’s Classics, 2017.“Sophrosyne.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster,https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sophrosyne. Accessed 1 Nov. 2022.

\u3ci\u3eΣωφροσύνη\u3c/i\u3e: Moderation (And the Lack Thereof) In Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility

Malin, Maggie

The Ties That Bind: Female Friendship and Sexuality in the African American Women’s Novel

Annual estimates of survival for Common Snapping Turtles (Chelydra serpentina) in western Nebraska USA were generated from mark-recapture data from nesting females encountered in 2005–2017. Our population models suggested no annual variation in either adult annual survival (0.947 ± 0.017 SE) or annual capture probability (0.294 ± 0.027 SE). However, there was a tendency toward higher survival in larger females. High annual survival (e.g. \u3e 90%) characterises populations of Chelydra from Ontario to Texas

Iverson, John B.

Smith, Geoffrey R.

Denison University Denison Digital Commons Faculty Publications 2023 Survival in Common Snapping Turtles, Chelydra serpentina (Testudines: Chelydridae), in western Nebraska John B. Iverson Geoffrey R. Smith Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.denison.edu/facultypubs  Part of the Biology Commons IntroductionThe Common Snapping Turtle, Chelydra serpentina (Linnaeus 1758), is the most widely distributed turtle species in North America and the fourth most widely distributed in the world, even excluding introduced populations (Turtle Taxonomy Working Group, 2021). It is also one of the most frequently encountered turtles in its range (Ernst and Lovich, 2009), and one of the world’s best-studied turtle species (among the top five; Lovich and Ennen, 2013). One of the well-studied populations of C. serpentina is that on the Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge (CLNWR) in Nebraska USA, where our research was on-going from 1981 through 2018. We have studied the reproductive ecology of this species (Iverson et al., 1997), including correlates of its reproductive output (Hedrick et al., 2018; Iverson and Hedrick, 2018), examined climate effects on its nesting phenology (Hedrick et al., 2021), quantified sex ratio and density (Iverson and Smith, 2010), growth and longevity (Iverson and Lewis, 2019), and diet (Lewis and Iverson, 2018). However, we have not previously reported on survival of adult females, perhaps the most important determinant of long-term population viability in turtles (e.g., Heppell, 1998). Here we add that survival information, examine the effect of body size on survival, and compare our survival data with those published by others.Materials and MethodsOur field site was located in the western Sandhills region of Nebraska on the CLNWR, Garden County, adjacent to the Gimlet Lake wetland complex (41.7651°N, 102.4367°W). Our field methods were described in Iverson et al. (1997). We restricted our survival analysis to females captured during nesting forays in the years 2005–2017 (excluding 2016, when we did not sample), during which we consistently and rigorously surveyed potential nesting areas on Gimlet Lake, rather than sporadic surveying prior to 2005. During this period we captured 94 adult nesting females 200 times. All turtles were measured (e.g., maximum carapace length [CL] in mm), weighed, marked, and released immediately. We used Program MARK to estimate annualised survival estimates and capture probabilities (White and Burnham, 1999). In addition, to test for a body size effect on survival and capture probability, we conducted separate MARK analyses with 42 smaller females (<300 mm CL; estimated age 11–17 years; Iverson and Lewis, 2019), and 52 larger females (> 300 mm CL). Only six females passed 300 mm CL during their recapture history. One was initially 293 mm but was over 300 for her four subsequent recaptures, and was considered a large female. Five others were 307 to 312 mm CL at their last capture, but had spent most of their capture history below 300 mm, and hence were considered small females for this analysis.Herpetology Notes, volume 16: 233-236 (2023) (published online on 31 March 2023)Survival in Common Snapping Turtles, Chelydra serpentina (Testudines: Chelydridae),  in western NebraskaJohn B. Iverson1,* and Geoffrey R. Smith21 Department of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana 47374, USA.2 Department of Biology, Denison University, Granville, Ohio 43023, USA.* Corresponding author. E-mail: johni@earlham.edu© 2023 by Herpetology Notes. Open Access by CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.Abstract. Annual estimates of survival for Common Snapping Turtles (Chelydra serpentina) in western Nebraska USA were generated from mark-recapture data from nesting females encountered in 2005–2017. Our population models suggested no annual variation in either adult annual survival (0.947 ± 0.017 SE) or annual capture probability (0.294 ± 0.027 SE). However, there was a tendency toward higher survival in larger females. High annual survival (e.g. > 90%) characterises populations of Chelydra from Ontario to Texas.Key words: Chelydra serpentina, Chelydridae, Nebraska, survivalJohn B. Iverson & Geoffrey R. Smith234ResultsThe best population model for our full 2005–2017 sample, based on the lowest Akaike Information Criterion value (598) and model weight (97%, Table 1), suggested no annual variation in either adult annual survival (0.947 ± 0.017 SE) or annual capture probability (0.294 ± 0.027 SE). Estimated population sizes from the fully parameterised model (i.e., including annual estimates of survival and capture probability) suggested a stable population of about 59 ± 14 (SD) females (excluding first and last year estimates; Table 2).For only those Nebraska females < 300 mm CL, the best model (AICc = 182; weight = 99.9%) again suggested no annual variation in survival (0.878 ± 0.043 SE; 95% Confidence Interval, 0.77 – 0.94) or capture probability (0.363 ± 0.061 SE), as did the best model for females > 300 mm CL (AICc = 395; weight = 99.3%; survival = 0.954 ± 0.019 SE, 95% CI 0.90 – 0.98; capture probability = 0.285 ± 0.033 SE). These restricted data sets suggest that small (younger) females are more reliably captured each year, but may suffer higher mortality than larger females. DiscussionDespite the extensive distribution of Chelydra, there is apparently little geographic variation in annual adult female survival, although there are still large areas of the species’ range that lack data (Table 3). However, despite differences in sample sizes, population body sizes, sample periods, season lengths, and capture probabilities among studies, survival is consistently very high (average from Table 3 = 94%), which no doubt explains the success of this species when so many others are in decline. Only two studies have reported survival estimates for both males and females (Eskew et al., 2010; Rose and Small, 2014), both of which suggest higher survival in males than females. Additional studies are needed to confirm this possible pattern.Our ability to detect younger females more easily may also apply to their predators. In the only other study to examine the effect of body size on survival, Armstrong et al. (2017) also found annual survival to increase with body size.It is perhaps not surprising that such a large, dangerous turtle would have high rates of adult survival. Nevertheless, despite those high rates across its range (Table 3), snapping turtle populations apparently have great difficulty recovering from catastrophic mortality events.  Brooks et al. (1991) documented the loss of approximately 40% of the adults to River Otters (Lutra  Table 2. Fully parameterized model by year based on mark-recapture data for Chelydra serpentina in western Nebraska, analyzing the effects of time (t, in years) on annual survival (phi) and capture probability (p). N = number of captures; N estimate = female population size estimate; SE = standard error.  Data year N phi estimate SE p estimate SE N estimate 2005-2006 6 0.882 0.176 0.200 0.109 30.0 2006-2007 14 0.912 0.172 0.365 0.123 38.4 2007-2008 18 1.000 0.000 0.205 0.083 87.8 2008-2009 24 0.963 0.105 0.416 0.091 57.7 2009-2010 21 0.869 0.110 0.400 0.084 52.5 2010-2011 10 1.000 0.000 0.130 0.051 46.9 2011-2012 21 0.948 0.115 0.337 0.076 62.3 2012-2013 19 1.000 0.000 0.299 0.068 63.5 2013-2014 18 1.000 0.000 0.301 0.066 59.8 2014-2015 24 0.740 0.241 0.364 0.133 65.9 2015-2017 25 0.648 0.000 0.596 0.000 41.9  Table 2. Fully parameterised model by year based on mark-recapture data for Chelydra serpentina in western Nebraska, analysing the effects of time (t, in years) on annual survival (phi) and capture probability (p). N = number of captures; N estimate = female population size estimate; SE = standard error.  Table 1. Model comparison for mark-recapture data for Chelydra serpentina in western Nebraska, analysing the effects of time (t, in years) on annual survival (phi) and capture probability (p). The first model (no annual variation in either adult survival or capture probability) is by far the most strongly supported (Akaike weight = 0.97).   AICc delta AICc Weight Likelihood # parameters Phi(.) p(.) 597.76 0.00 0.97 1.00 2.00 Phi(.) p(t) 604.91 7.16 0.03 0.08 12.00 Phi(t) p(.) 614.80 17.04 0.00 0.00 12.00 Phi(t) p(t) 623.37 25.61 0.00 0.00 21.00  Table 1. Model comparison for mark-recapture data for Chelydra serpentina in western Nebraska, analysing the effects of time (t, in years) on annual survival (phi) and capture probability (p). The first model (no annual variation in either adult survival or capture probability) is by far the most strongly supported (Akaike weight = 0.97).Survival in Common Snapping Turtles in western Nebraska 235canadensis) in 1986-1989 at the northern limit of the range in Ontario, Canada.  However, despite high annual survival (97%) since that event, the population had not recovered after 23 years (Keevil et al., 2018), and females remained at only ca. 60% of pre-catastrophe numbers. Whether more southern populations (with more benign climates) would recover more quickly is unknown. In any case, the high annual adult survival rates known for this species no doubt contributes to their abundance in diverse habitats across the largest range of any North American turtle.Acknowledgements. We would like to thank the staff of Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge for permitting our field work since 1981. Financial support for the project was provided by Earlham College (The Ford-Knight and Test Fund), the Joseph Moore Museum of Natural History (The Cope Fund) and the National Science Foundation (IOS–1257857 to F. J. Janzen and D. A. Warner). Most of this work was done before the advent of the Earlham College Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee but was approved by that committee beginning in 2014 (20140516-2JI). In any case, we abided by the ethical guidelines published by the SSAR Guidelines for the Use of Live Amphibians and Reptiles in Field Research (available on-line). Permission was also provided by the Nebraska Games and Parks Commission. We would also like to thank the many former Earlham students who have contributed to this project throughout the years. Helpful reviews of early drafts were provided by anonymous colleagues. References  Armstrong, D.P., Brooks, R.J. (2017): Application of hierarchical biphasic growth models to long-term data for snapping turtles. Ecological Modelling 250: 119–125. Brooks, R.J., Brown, G.P., Galbraith, D.A. (1991): Effects of a sudden increase in natural mortality of adults in a population of the Common Snapping Turtles (Chelydra serpentina). Canadian Journal of Zoology 69: 1314–1320.Colteaux, B.C. (2017): The status of Snapping Turtles (Chelydra serpentina) in Virginia: Population viability, demography, regulatory analysis, and conservation. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.Congdon, J.D., Dunham, A.E., van Loben Sels, R.C. (1994): Demographics of Common Snapping Turtles (Chelydra serpentina): Implications for conservation and management of long-lived organisms. American Zoologist 4: 397–408.Cunnington, D.C., Brooks, R.J. (1996): Bet-hedging theory and eigenelasticity: A comparison of the life histories of Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta) and Snapping Turtles (Chelydra serpentina). Canadian Journal of Zoology 74: 291–296.Ernst, C.H., Lovich, J.E. (2009): Turtles of the United States and Canada. 2nd Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. 827 pp.Eskew, E.E., Price, S.J., Dorcas, M.E. (2010): Survival and recruitment of semi-aquatic turtles in an urbanized region. Urban Ecosystems 13: 365–374.Flaherty, K.L., Anderson, J.T., Michael, E.D. (2008): Adult survivorship and capture probability of the Common Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina). Journal of Herpetology 42: 202–205. Table 3.  Annual survival estimates for Snapping Turtles (Chelydra serpentina) from the literature arranged in order of declining latitude. Sample restrictions are indicated; abbreviations include males (M), females (F), and carapace length (CL in cm). Note that the first five studies refer to the same population. State Latitude Sample Survival Source Ontario 45.5 F 0.97 Galbraith and Brooks, 1987 Ontario 45.5 F 0.93 Galbraith and Brooks, 1987 Ontario 45.5 F 0.966 Cunnington and Brooks, 1996 Ontario 45.5 25 cm CL F 0.935 Armstrong et al., 2017 Ontario 45.5 30 cm CL F 0.962 Armstrong et al., 2017 Ontario 45.5 35 cm CL F 0.976 Armstrong et al., 2017 Wisconsin 43.7 M, F 0.963 Paisley et al., 2009 Minnesota 43.7 M, F 0.939 Paisley et al., 2009 Michigan 42.5 F 0.88 Congdon et al., 1994 Nebraska 41.8 <30 cm CL  F 0.878 This paper Nebraska 41.8 >30 cm CL F 0.954 This paper W Virginia 39.1 M, F 0.97 Flaherty et al., 2008 Virginia 37.6 M, F 0.91 Colteaux and Johnson, in Colteaux, 2017 N Carolina 35.2 M 0.994 Eskew et al., 2010 N Carolina 35.2 F 0.914 Eskew et al., 2010 Texas 29.9 M 0.94 Rose and Small, 2014 Texas 29.9 F 0.93 Rose and Small, 2014  Table 3.  Annual survival estimates for Snapping Turtles (Chelydra serpentina) from the literature arranged in order of declining latitude. Sample restrictions are indicated; abbreviations include males (M), females (F), and carapace length (CL in cm). Note that the first five studies refer to the same population.John B. Iverson & Geoffrey R. Smith236Galbraith, D.A., Brooks, R.J. (1987): Survivorship of adult females in a northern population of Common Snapping Turtles, Chelydra serpentina. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65: 1581–1586.Hedrick, A., Corichi, L., Klondaris,  H., Iverson, J.B., Dreslik, M. (2018): The effects of climate on annual variation in reproductive output in Snapping Turtles (Chelydra serpentina).  Canadian Journal of Zoology 96: 221–228.Hedrick, A., Lewis, E., Hood, A., Green, D., Iverson, J.B. (2021): The effects of climate change on nesting phenology in Nebraska turtles. Ecology and Evolution 11: 1225–1239.Heppell, S.S. (1998): Application of life-history theory and population model analysis to turtle conservation. Copeia 1998: 367–375.Iverson, J.B., Hedrick, A.R. (2018):  Pelvic constraint on egg size is unlikely in Snapping Turtles (Chelydridae: Chelydra). Herpetological Review 49: 450–452.Iverson, J.B., Lewis, E.L. (2019): Natural history notes. Chelydra serpentina (Snapping Turtle). Growth and maturity. Herpetological Review 50: 119–120.Iverson, J.B., Smith, G.R. (2010): Population size and sex ratio of Snapping Turtles on the Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge. IRCF Reptilea and Amphibians 17: 195–200.Iverson, J.B., Higgins, H., Sirulnik, A., Griffiths, C. (1997): Local and geographic variation in the reproductive biology of the Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina). Herpetologica 53: 96–117. Keevil, M.G., Brooks, R.J., Litzgus, J.D. (2018): Post-catastrophe patterns of abundance and survival reveal no existence of population recovery in a long-lived animal. Ecosphere 9: 1–21 (e02396).Lewis, E.L., Iverson, J.B. (2018): Chelydra serpentina (Common Snapping Turtle). Diet. Herpetological Review 49: 522–524.Lovich, J.E., Ennen, J.R. (2013): A quantitative analysis of the state of knowledge of turtles of the United States and Canada. Amphibia-Reptilia 34: 11–23.Paisley, R.N., Wetzel, J.F., Nelson, J.S., Stetzer, C., Hamernick, M.G., Anderson, B.P. (2009): Survival and spatial ecology of the Snapping Turtle, Chelydra serpentina, on the Upper Mississippi River. Canadian Field-Naturalist 123: 329–337.Rose, F.L, Small, M.F. (2014): Population size, survivorship, density, and capture probability of Chelydra serpentina inhabiting an urban environment. Southwestern Naturalist 59: 331–336.Turtle Taxonomy Working Group [Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., Bour, R., Fritz, U., Georges, A., Shaffer, H.B., Dijk, P.P. van] (2021):  Turtles of the world: annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status, ninth edition. Chelonian Research Monographs 8: 1–472.White, G.C., Burnham, K.P. (1999): Program MARK: survival estimation from populations of marked animals. Bird Study 46 (Supplement): 120–138.Accepted by Eric Munscher

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