Key AI Competences by 2035: A Taxonomy for Firms

Our research examines the transformative changes that AI systems already bring about and are projected to cause in the future. These transformations are often referred to as ‘a fourth industrial revolution’ (Schwab, 2016; cf. Brynjolfsson & McAfee, 2014; Raisch & Krakowski, 2021). For the purposes of this foresight exercise, we assume that AI is likely to be a ‘general-purpose technology’ (Brynjolfsson et al., 2019; cf. Lipsey et al., 2005), similar to technologies such as the steam engine, electrification, and computing. The overall research questions that this project aims to address are: What are the effects of AI on companies by 2035? Does the advent of AI necessitate changes in the organisational design of companies? What are the corresponding key competences that companies need? In this paper, we propose a taxonomy that addresses the last question: what are the key competences for firms on an organisational level to be prepared for AI systems

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

The genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex

The cerebral cortex underlies our complex cognitive capabilities, yet little is known about the specific genetic loci that influence human cortical structure. To identify genetic variants that affect cortical structure, we conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of brain magnetic resonance imaging data from 51,665 individuals. We analyzed the surface area and average thickness of the whole cortex and 34 regions with known functional specializations. We identified 199 significant loci and found significant enrichment for loci influencing total surface area within regulatory elements that are active during prenatal cortical development, supporting the radial unit hypothesis. Loci that affect regional surface area cluster near genes in Wnt signaling pathways, which influence progenitor expansion and areal identity. Variation in cortical structure is genetically correlated with cognitive function, Parkinson's disease, insomnia, depression, neuroticism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Chapter six - transformation of agricultural landscapes in the Anthropocene: nature's contributions to people, agriculture and food security

Multiple anthropogenic challenges threaten nature's contributions to human well-being. Agricultural expansion and conventional intensification are degrading biodiversity and ecosystem functions, thereby undermining the natural foundations on which agriculture is itself built. Averting the worst effects of global environmental change and assuring ecosystem benefits, requires a transformation of agriculture. Alternative agricultural systems to conventional intensification exist, ranging from adjustments to efficiency (e.g. sustainable intensification) to a redesign (e.g. ecological intensification, climate-smart agriculture) of the farm management system. These alternatives vary in their reliance on nature or technology, the level of systemic change required to operate, and impacts on biodiversity, landscapes and agricultural production. Different socio-economic, ecological and political settings mean there is no universal solution, instead there are a suite of interoperable practices that can be adapted to different contexts to maximise efficiency, sustainability and resilience. Social, economic, technological and demographic issues will influence the form of sustainable agriculture and effects on landscapes and biodiversity. These include: (1) the socio-technical-ecological architecture of agricultural and food systems and trends such as urbanisation in affecting the mode of production, diets, lifestyles and attitudes; (2) emerging technologies, such as gene editing, synthetic biology and 3D bioprinting of meat; and (3) the scale or state of the existing farm system, especially pertinent for smallholder agriculture. Agricultural transformation will require multifunctional landscape planning with cross-sectoral and participatory management to avoid unintended consequences and ultimately depends on people's capacity to accept new ways of operating in response to the current environmental crisis

Architecture is co: an ethnography of architectural presentations and representations in Copenhagen

This dissertation explores some of the ways in which architecture and design were practised in the Danish capital of Copenhagen at the end of the 2010s. In 2018, a building called BLOX was opened on Copenhagen’s harbour front after more than a decade-long period of design, planning and construction. Most of the fieldwork for this thesis took place in and around this new building complex. Supported by the Danish government and by a private foundation, BLOX was to become the meeting point for ‘Denmark’s world of architecture, design and new ideas’, housing the Danish Architecture Centre and other organisations. Establishing BLOXHUB, the name of a new co-working space inside BLOX, was one key decision through which the ambition to ‘co-create’ was to be realised. ‘The future is co’, as the director of BLOXHUB put it. Both BLOX and BLOXHUB figure centrally in the thesis chapters. The Danish word for design is form-givning, literally meaning ‘giving form’. Architecture is a professional practice and a discipline, usually practised in architectural studios and schools. But it is also given many other forms and practised in other places. This dissertation explores some of these other forms of the architectural and examines the workings of architecture under co-working logics. The chapters move from the BLOX building itself to BLOXHUB and to other organisations and places in and outside BLOX. The architects and other professionals that form part of the BLOXHUB community (as they call themselves) enact architecture through a variety of everyday practices that include producing oral and written outputs that animate, define and explain their work and views. Architecture is often described as a business now and, in the context of BLOX, its aim is expressed in the rhetoric of producing ‘solutions’; this is conceptualised as a necessity but also as an opportunity to address ‘global challenges’. Economics and the language of business have become a shared language across professions. This has resulted in additional perceived pressures for architecture as a professional practice and, in consequence, architects look to and cite these other domains of knowledge and practice that appear more persuasive. This dissertation examines some of these developments and transformations that are coordinated in the name of ‘architecture’. At the same time, the chapters are exploring throughout the practices of presenting and representing, especially through talking and writing. These are all practices of architecture – modes of ‘doing architecture’, we might say – but are often ignored or subordinated to other, more familiar architectural forms. In focussing especially on this mode of doing architecture, this dissertation contributes a different focus from that of most of the anthropological literature on the architectural profession; it is a focus from fieldwork based outside the architectural studio, and explores how architects and other professionals seek to re-work architecture

Linear predictive coding and its decision logic for early prediction of major adverse cardiac events using mass spectrometry data

Proteomics is an emerging field of modern biotechnology and an attractive research area in bioinformatics. Protein annotation by mass spectrometry has recently been utilized for the classification and prediction of diseases. In this paper we apply the theory of linear predictive coding and its decision logic for the prediction of major adverse cardiac risk using mass spectra. The new method was tested with a small set of mass spectrometry data. The initial experimental results are found promising for the prediction and show the implication of the potential use of the data for biomarker discovery.\ud \u