Application of hydroxypropylated crosslinked starch from the grains of Oryza sativa L. as potential disintegrant in compressed solid dosage form.

Context: The modification of starch from the grains of NSICRc222 rice variety may provide a new material with enhanced disintegrating functionality in compressed solid dosage forms. Aims: To synthesize hydroxypropylated crosslinked rice starch that may possess characteristics of a good disintegrant. Methods: Starch was isolated by the wet milling method. The crosslinking was performed using trisodium trimetaphosphate as crosslinking agent, and successively hydroxypropylated by using phosphorous oxychloride. The evidences of chemical modifications were determined by FTIR, TGA, and DSC. The application of modified rice starch as a disintegrant was evaluated by determining the dissolution profile, and was compared to the performance of commercially available disintegrants. The compatibility of modified rice starch was employed using FTIR, and the stability of the formulation was subjected to an accelerated stability study. Results: The changes in infrared spectra and thermogram confirmed successful chemical modification of rice starch. Allopurinol and modified starch mixture staged from 0 to 3 months showed no significant changes in the infrared spectra, which suggest compatibility of HCR with allopurinol. The dissolution rate of allopurinol tablets at pH 1.2, pH 4.5, and pH 6.8 with various superdisintegrants were comparable to the dissolution rate that utilized hydroxypropylated crosslinked rice starch as disintegrant. The accelerated stability study showed no significant changes from 0th to 3rd month, and no degradation products were detected in the HPLC analysis. Conclusions: The chemical modification of rice starch through crosslinking and hydroxypropylation yielded a novel material comparable to the commercially available superdisintegrants

The anti-depressant and anxiolytic properties of the lyophilized aqueous leaf extract of Mimosa pudica L. (Fabaceae)

Introduction: This study seeks to determine the antidepressant and anxiolytic properties of the lyophilized aqueous leaf extract of Mimosa pudica (LAL-MP) in mice. Methods: LAL-MP was administered orally to mice at 50 – 500 mg/kg, daily for 14 days, after which mice were individually subjected to the forced swimming (FST) and tail suspension (TST) tests, the elevated plus maze (EPM) model and locomotor activity count. Results: Generally, LAL-MP from 100 to 500 mg/kg exhibit antidepressant and anxiolytic properties in all 4 models of depression and dose levels at 400 and 500 mg/kg were found to be equipotent with the standard drug fluoxetine. Conclusions: This is the first report on the combined antidepressant and anxiolytic properties of LAL-MP

Comparative In Vitro Dissolution Profile of Commercial Azithromycin Dihydrate 500 mg Tablet Preparations in the Philipppines

This study seeks to compare the in vitro multi-point dissolution profiles between 3 off-patent products azithromycin dihydrate 500 mg and the innovator product. The paddle-type dissolution apparatus was used. This was rotated at a speed of 50 rpm using 0.1-N HCl as media. Random samples were withdrawn after certain time points and assayed for azithromycin dihydrate. Comparision between test samples and the innovator product was done by computing their similarity (f 1 ) and disimilarity (f 2 ) factors and by fitting them to various kinetics of drug release during dissolution. Test samples 1 and 3 were comparable to the innovator product because they complied with f 1 and f 2 specifications. Test sample 2, however, gave higher f 2 values making it non-equivalent with the innovator product. The Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppa kinetics of drug release characterized most of the dissolution profiles. This study showed that test samples 1 and 3 are equivalent with the innovator products in terms of comparative in vitro dissolution profiles where extra-Fickian release behaviors was exhibited by all the preparations

Comparative in vitro anti-oxidative properties of statins

Introduction:  This study seeks to determine and compare the in vitro anti-oxidative properties of 5 statins which aare available in the market for the treatment of dyslipidemia. Methods:  The ability of the statins to inhibit free radical formation by 2,2-Diphyenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and thiobarbituric aci d (TBA) in liver homogenates was determined. Results:  Out of the 5 statins tested, atorvastatin, simvastatin and rosuvastatin gave the highest inhibibition and lowest median effective concentration (IC50).  Pravastatin and fluvastatin were weak inhibitors of free radical formations. Conclusion:  This study shows that there is evidence on the anti-oxidative properties of statins in addition to their hypolipidemic properties

Mount Malinao (Albay, Philippines) Revisited: Diversity and Ethnomedicinal Studies

Introduction:  This study provides information as to the diversity of plants in Mt. Malinao (Albay, Philippines) and their ethnomedicinal values. Methods:  Plants were collected by random sampling from three vegetation types, identified and measured for diversity indices.  The use reports and dosage preparations of medicinal plants sampled were confirmed by interview of local residents and forest guides. Results: The montane secondary dipterocarp forest gave the greatest plant diversity but recorded the lowest tree statistics.  Ethnomedicinal survey of the 70 plants collected have been qualified by generating information such as use values, fidelity levels, informant consensus factor and the modes by which dosage forms are prepared from these plants for use in various ailments. Conclusion:  This study gave important data on medicinal plants in Mt. Malinao which includes diversity, ethnomedicinal uses and dosage preparations.   Â

FCC Physics Opportunities: Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Volume 1

We review the physics opportunities of the Future Circular Collider, covering its e+e-, pp, ep and heavy ion programmes. We describe the measurement capabilities of each FCC component, addressing the study of electroweak, Higgs and strong interactions, the top quark and flavour, as well as phenomena beyond the Standard Model. We highlight the synergy and complementarity of the different colliders, which will contribute to a uniquely coherent and ambitious research programme, providing an unmatchable combination of precision and sensitivity to new physics

FCC-ee: The Lepton Collider: Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Volume 2

In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched, as an international collaboration hosted by CERN. This study covers a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee) and an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), which could, successively, be installed in the same 100 km tunnel. The scientific capabilities of the integrated FCC programme would serve the worldwide community throughout the 21st century. The FCC study also investigates an LHC energy upgrade, using FCC-hh technology. This document constitutes the second volume of the FCC Conceptual Design Report, devoted to the electron-positron collider FCC-ee. After summarizing the physics discovery opportunities, it presents the accelerator design, performance reach, a staged operation scenario, the underlying technologies, civil engineering, technical infrastructure, and an implementation plan. FCC-ee can be built with today’s technology. Most of the FCC-ee infrastructure could be reused for FCC-hh. Combining concepts from past and present lepton colliders and adding a few novel elements, the FCC-ee design promises outstandingly high luminosity. This will make the FCC-ee a unique precision instrument to study the heaviest known particles (Z, W and H bosons and the top quark), offering great direct and indirect sensitivity to new physics

HE-LHC: The High-Energy Large Hadron Collider: Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Volume 4

In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (EPPSU), the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched as a world-wide international collaboration hosted by CERN. The FCC study covered an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee), the corresponding 100 km tunnel infrastructure, as well as the physics opportunities of these two colliders, and a high-energy LHC, based on FCC-hh technology. This document constitutes the third volume of the FCC Conceptual Design Report, devoted to the hadron collider FCC-hh. It summarizes the FCC-hh physics discovery opportunities, presents the FCC-hh accelerator design, performance reach, and staged operation plan, discusses the underlying technologies, the civil engineering and technical infrastructure, and also sketches a possible implementation. Combining ingredients from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the high-luminosity LHC upgrade and adding novel technologies and approaches, the FCC-hh design aims at significantly extending the energy frontier to 100 TeV. Its unprecedented centre-of-mass collision energy will make the FCC-hh a unique instrument to explore physics beyond the Standard Model, offering great direct sensitivity to new physics and discoveries

FCC-hh: The Hadron Collider: Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Volume 3

In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (EPPSU), the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched as a world-wide international collaboration hosted by CERN. The FCC study covered an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee), the corresponding 100 km tunnel infrastructure, as well as the physics opportunities of these two colliders, and a high-energy LHC, based on FCC-hh technology. This document constitutes the third volume of the FCC Conceptual Design Report, devoted to the hadron collider FCC-hh. It summarizes the FCC-hh physics discovery opportunities, presents the FCC-hh accelerator design, performance reach, and staged operation plan, discusses the underlying technologies, the civil engineering and technical infrastructure, and also sketches a possible implementation. Combining ingredients from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the high-luminosity LHC upgrade and adding novel technologies and approaches, the FCC-hh design aims at significantly extending the energy frontier to 100 TeV. Its unprecedented centre of-mass collision energy will make the FCC-hh a unique instrument to explore physics beyond the Standard Model, offering great direct sensitivity to new physics and discoveries

HE-LHC: The High-Energy Large Hadron Collider

In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (EPPSU), the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched as a world-wide international collaboration hosted by CERN. The FCC study covered an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee), the corresponding 100 km tunnel infrastructure, as well as the physics opportunities of these two colliders, and a high-energy LHC, based on FCC-hh technology. This document constitutes the third volume of the FCC Conceptual Design Report, devoted to the hadron collider FCC-hh. It summarizes the FCC-hh physics discovery opportunities, presents the FCC-hh accelerator design, performance reach, and staged operation plan, discusses the underlying technologies, the civil engineering and technical infrastructure, and also sketches a possible implementation. Combining ingredients from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the high-luminosity LHC upgrade and adding novel technologies and approaches, the FCC-hh design aims at significantly extending the energy frontier to 100 TeV. Its unprecedented centre-of-mass collision energy will make the FCC-hh a unique instrument to explore physics beyond the Standard Model, offering great direct sensitivity to new physics and discoveries