Endoscopic management for peptic ulcer bleeding

Bleeding remains a common and a potential lethal complication for peptic ulcer disease. Multidisciplinary approach by endoscopists, surgeons and intensive care physicians is necessary to improve results for this severe complication. In this article we intend to introduce surgeons and intensive care physicians to endoscopic concepts and maneuvers commonly used in the treatment of bleeding peptic ulcer disease. Early clinical assessment and endoscopic evaluation are helpful to classify the severity of the bleeding episode. Two major achievements have changed the management of this complication: combined endoscopic therapy and proton pump inhibitors. The former consists of combining two different endoscopic methods to stop bleeding or prevent re-bleeding (e.g., injection of a sclerosing substance and thermal coagulation). Surgical treatment for peptic ulcer bleeding is indicated when endoscopic therapy fails or to prevent re-bleeding in high risk patients who presents with a spurting bleeding ulcer and shock. For the remaining situations, there are consistent evidences that a second endoscopic therapy should be attempted when re-bleeding occurs. Keywords: endoscopic hemostasis, recurrent bleeding, peptic ulcer bleeding, proton-pump inhibitor, non-variceal gastrointestinal bleeding

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Severe early onset preeclampsia: short and long term clinical, psychosocial and biochemical aspects

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy specific disorder commonly defined as de novo hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks gestational age. It occurs in approximately 3-5% of pregnancies and it is still a major cause of both foetal and maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide1. As extensive research has not yet elucidated the aetiology of preeclampsia, there are no rational preventive or therapeutic interventions available. The only rational treatment is delivery, which benefits the mother but is not in the interest of the foetus, if remote from term. Early onset preeclampsia (<32 weeks’ gestational age) occurs in less than 1% of pregnancies. It is, however often associated with maternal morbidity as the risk of progression to severe maternal disease is inversely related with gestational age at onset2. Resulting prematurity is therefore the main cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity in patients with severe preeclampsia3. Although the discussion is ongoing, perinatal survival is suggested to be increased in patients with preterm preeclampsia by expectant, non-interventional management. This temporising treatment option to lengthen pregnancy includes the use of antihypertensive medication to control hypertension, magnesium sulphate to prevent eclampsia and corticosteroids to enhance foetal lung maturity4. With optimal maternal haemodynamic status and reassuring foetal condition this results on average in an extension of 2 weeks. Prolongation of these pregnancies is a great challenge for clinicians to balance between potential maternal risks on one the eve hand and possible foetal benefits on the other. Clinical controversies regarding prolongation of preterm preeclamptic pregnancies still exist – also taking into account that preeclampsia is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the Netherlands5 - a debate which is even more pronounced in very preterm pregnancies with questionable foetal viability6-9. Do maternal risks of prolongation of these very early pregnancies outweigh the chances of neonatal survival? Counselling of women with very early onset preeclampsia not only comprises of knowledge of the outcome of those particular pregnancies, but also knowledge of outcomes of future pregnancies of these women is of major clinical importance. This thesis opens with a review of the literature on identifiable risk factors of preeclampsia

Measurement of associated W plus charm production in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV

Peer reviewe

Measurement of the triple-differential cross section for photon + jets production in proton-proton collisions at sqrt (s) = 7 TeV

A measurement of the triple-differential cross section, , in photon + jets final states using a data sample from proton-proton collisions at = 7 TeV is presented. This sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 2.14 fb(-1) collected by the CMS detector at the LHC. Photons and jets are reconstructed within a pseudorapidity range of |eta| 30 GeV, respectively. The measurements are compared to theoretical predictions from the sherpa leading-order QCD Monte Carlo event generator and the next-to-leading-order perturbative QCD calculation from jetphox. The predictions are found to be consistent with the data over most of the examined kinematic region.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Search for pair production of excited top quarks in the lepton+jets final state

A search is performed for pair-produced spin-3/2 excited top quarks ($t^*\bar{t}^*$), each decaying to a top quark and a gluon. The search uses data collected with the CMS detector from pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}$=8 TeV, selecting events that have a single isolated muon or electron, an imbalance in transverse momentum, and at least six jets, of which one must be compatible with originating from the fragmentation of a b quark. The data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.5 inverse femtobarns, show no significant excess over standard model predictions, and provide a lower limit of 803 GeV at 95% confidence on the mass of the spin-3/2 t* quark in an extension of the Randall-Sundrum model, assuming a 100% branching fraction of its decay into a top quark and a gluon. This is the first search for a spin-3/2 excited top quark performed at the LHC.A search is performed for pair-produced spin-3/2 excited top quarks t ∗ t ¯ ∗ , each decaying to a top quark and a gluon. The search uses data collected with the CMS detector from pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of s = 8 TeV, selecting events that have a single isolated muon or electron, an imbalance in transverse momentum, and at least six jets, of which one must be compatible with originating from the fragmentation of a b quark. The data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.5 fb(−1), show no significant excess over standard model predictions, and provide a lower limit of 803 GeV at 95% confidence on the mass of the spin-3/2 t(*) quark in an extension of the Randall-Sundrum model, assuming a 100% branching fraction of its decay into a top quark and a gluon. This is the first search for a spin-3/2 excited top quark performed at the LHC.A search is performed for pair-produced spin-3/2 excited top quarks ($t^*\bar{t}^*$), each decaying to a top quark and a gluon. The search uses data collected with the CMS detector from pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}$=8 TeV, selecting events that have a single isolated muon or electron, an imbalance in transverse momentum, and at least six jets, of which one must be compatible with originating from the fragmentation of a b quark. The data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.5 inverse femtobarns, show no significant excess over standard model predictions, and provide a lower limit of 803 GeV at 95% confidence on the mass of the spin-3/2 t* quark in an extension of the Randall-Sundrum model, assuming a 100% branching fraction of its decay into a top quark and a gluon. This is the first search for a spin-3/2 excited top quark performed at the LHC

A modified device for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy by the introducer technique: use in head and neck cancer patients

O câncer de cabeça e pescoço é a quinta neoplasia mais frequente nos países em desenvolvimento. A disfagia resultante da doença ou do tratamento pode levar à perda ponderal e à desnutrição. A nutrição enteral por sonda é o método de escolha para administração de terapia nutricional aos pacientes com trato gastrointestinal funcionante, incapazes de manter ingestão adequada por via oral. Sondas nasogástricas ou nasoenterais são empregadas para alimentação a curto prazo e sondas de gastrostomia ou jejunostomia, para períodos de tempo mais prolongados que 4 semanas. A gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea é o método mais utilizado, dada sua segurança e eficácia. A técnica de tração é a mais comumente empregada e consiste na introdução da sonda na câmara gástrica através da via orofaríngea e com auxílio do endoscópio. Em pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço, esta técnica apresenta limitações decorrentes da estenose da via digestiva provocada por inflamação, irradiação prévia ou pelo próprio tumor que impede a passagem do aparelho ou da sonda. Nesta situação, reporta-se insucesso em cerca de 20% dos casos, além de complicações decorrentes da necessidade de dilatação da estenose, infecção do local da ostomia, obstrução aguda da via aérea e até implante do tumor no local da punção na parede abdominal. A gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea pela técnica de punção é a alternativa mais segura para esse grupo de pacientes, já que a sonda é colocada por via abdominal sob controle endoscópico. As desvantagens da técnica são o risco de deslocamento do estômago insuflado no momento da punção e a utilização de sonda de menor calibre. A introdução da gastropexia endoscópica permite a fixação do estômago à parede abdominal, evitando o deslocamento gástrico no momento da punção. Ainda assim, resta o problema do calibre da sonda. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a modificação de dispositivo para gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea pela técnica de punção quanto à exequibilidade, segurança, eficácia do procedimento e mortalidade. Trinta pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço (a idade média de 58 anos e 76,7% do sexo masculino) foram admitidos no estudo. O índice de Karnofsky médio foi de 67,7 e o risco anestésico, ASA 1 = 3,3%, ASA 2 = 50% e 46,6%, ASA 3. O método de traqueostomia havia sido realizado na metade dos pacientes, 18 (60%) tinham sido submetidos à quimioterapia e radioterapia associadas ou isoladamente. Os tumores da cavidade oral foram os mais frequentes, com 11 (36,7%) casos. Metade dos pacientes foi diagnosticada no estádio IV da doença, 7 (23,3%) no estádio III, 1 (3,3%) estádio II e 5 (16,7%) apresentavam recidiva. O tipo histológico mais comum foi o carcinoma escamocelular, em 27 (89,9%) casos. A presença de estenose foi encontrada em 23 (76,7%) pacientes, sendo 15 (50%) isoladas e em 8 (26,7%), associadas a trismo. Os pacientes foram submetidos à gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea pela técnica de punção com dispositivo modificado com fenda lateral e mandril com ponta cônica, associada à gastropexia e colocação de sonda balonada de 20 Fr. O procedimento foi realizado em regime ambulatorial em 26 (86,7%) pacientes, sempre sob sedação e anestesia local. A via mais frequente de acesso à câmara gástrica foi a oral em 26 (86,7%) pacientes e a nasal, nos demais. Não houve necessidade de dilatação da via aerodigestiva para passagem do endoscópio. O procedimento foi bem-sucedido em todos os enfermos e sem complicações perioperatórias. Os pacientes foram seguidos no pós-operatório imediato, com 72 horas, 10, 30 e 60 dias, para avaliação de dor, infecção do estoma, funcionalidade, problemas com a sonda e mortalidade. Não foram observados sinais de infecção do estoma por meio do escore combinado de infecção. No pós-operatório imediato, um (3,3%) paciente apresentou dor abdominal difusa, levando-o à laparotomia exploradora. Tratou-se de pneumoperitoneo maciço sem sinais de lesão de outras vísceras que o justificassem e foi considerada complicação maior precoce. A maioria dos pacientes apresentou dor leve e moderada no pós-operatório imediato e com 72 horas. Duas complicações menores (6,6%) foram observadas; dermatite química por extravasamento ao redor da sonda no 36º pós-operatório e perda inadvertida de sonda no 8º pós-operatório, sem sinais de complicação e que foi reposicionada sem necessidade de nova endoscopia. Em dois (6,6%) pacientes, houve rotura tardia do balão da sonda que foi substituída, sem exame endoscópico. A infusão da dieta foi considerada de fácil execução em todos os pacientes e não houve obstrução da sonda até 60 dias de avaliação. Não se observou mortalidade relacionada ao procedimento decorridos 30 dias da intervenção. Houve dois (6,6%) óbitos entre 30 e 60 dias, decorrentes da evolução da doença. Em conclusão, a modificação do dispositivo para gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea pela técnica punção é exequível, segura e eficiente em pacientes com neoplasia avançada e obstrutiva de cabeça e pescoço, sob regime ambulatorial e sedação, permitindo o uso de sonda mais calibrosa e sua troca sem necessidade de nova endoscopia, apresentando baixas taxas de complicações e sem mortalidade relacionada ao procedimento nesta sérieHead and neck cancer is the fifth most frequent neoplasm in developing countries. Dysphagia resulting from head and neck cancer or its treatment may lead to weight loss and malnutrition. Enteral nutrition is the method of choice of therapy to patients with preserved gastrointestinal tract unable to maintain adequate oral ingestion. Nasogastric or nasoenteral tubes are employed for short-term feeding and gastrostomy or jejunostomy tubes for more than 4 weeks. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is the most used method due to its safety and efficacy. The pull technique is the most commonly used method consisting in the introduction of a tube into the inflated stomach through the oropharingeal route with endoscopic aid. In those patients, such technique presents limitations due to digestive tract stenosis caused by inflammation, irradiation, or the tumor itself preventing endoscope or tube passage. In this case, failure occurs in approximately 20% of cases. Complications caused by stenosis dilation, infection of the ostomy site, acute airway obstruction, and even implantation of tumor at the puncture site on the abdominal wall have also been reported. Percutaneous endoscopy gastrostomy through introducer technique is the safest alternative for this group of patients because the tube is placed through an abdominal access under endoscopic control. The disadvantages of this method are the risk of displacing the inflated stomach at the moment of puncture and the use of smaller caliber tubes. The advent of the endoscopic gastropexy enables the fixation of the stomach to the abdominal wall preventing gastric displacement at the moment of puncture. Even though, tube caliber problem remains. The aim of this study was to evaluate the modification of a percutaneous endoscopy gastrostomy device with introducer technique regarding procedure feasibility, complications, procedure safety efficacy, and mortality. Thirty patients (mean age: 58 years, 76.7%: male) were included in the study. Mean Karnofsky index was found to be 67.7% and anesthetic risk ASA 1 = 3.3%, ASA 2 = 46.6%, and ASA 3 = 46.6%. Half of the patients had already undergone tracheostomy and 18 (60%) had chemotherapy and radiotherapy associated or in monotherapy. Oral cavity tumors were the most frequent totaling 11 (36.7%) of cases. Half of the patients were diagnosed in the stage IV of the disease, 7 (23.3%) in stage III, 1 (3.3%) in stage II, and 5 (16.7%) had already recurrence. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most frequent histological type in 27 (89.9%) of cases. Stenosis was found in 23 (76.6%) of cases, of which 15 (50%) were found to be isolated and 8 (26.7%), associated to trismus. Patients underwent introducer technique percutaneous endoscopy gastrostomy using modified device, associated to gastropexy, and a 20-Fr balloon tube placement. The procedure was performed in 26 (86.7%) outpatients under sedation and local anesthesia. The most frequent route to the inflated stomach was the oral route in 86.7% of patients and the nasal route in the others. There was no need for digestive dilation for passing the endoscope. The procedure was successful in all cases with no perioperative complications. Patients were followed up in the immediate postoperative period and at 72 hours, 10, 30 and 60 days for the assessment of pain, stoma infection, functionality, tube-related problems, and mortality. No signs of stoma infection were observed through the combined infection score. In the immediate postoperative period, one (3.3%) patient presented diffuse abdominal pain, leading to exploratory laparotomy that revealed massive pneumoperitoneum with no related signs of lesion to other organs and that was considered a major early complication. The majority of patients presented mild, moderate pain in the immediate postoperative period and at 72 hours. Two minor complications (6.6%) were observed: chemical dermatitis due to leakage around the tube on postoperative day 36 and inadvertent tube loss on postoperative day 8 with no signs of complication, so that the tube was repositioned without endoscopy. Two patients (6.6%) presented late rupture of tube balloon that was replaced without endoscopic examination. Dietary infusion was considered to be easily performed in all patients and no tube obstruction up to 60 assessment days was observed. Procedure-related deaths were not observed up to 30 days post intervention. There were two (6.6%) deaths between days 30 and 60 resulting from disease evolution. In conclusion, the application of the modified device for percutaneous endoscopy gastrostomy with introducer technique is feasible, safe, and efficient in outpatients with advanced, obstructive head and neck cancer under sedation, allowing the use of larger caliber, replaceable tube with low complication rates and no procedure-related mortality in this serie