Test et évaluation de la robustesse de la couche fonctionnelle d'un robot autonome

La mise en oeuvre de systèmes autonomes nécessite le développement et l'utilisation d'architectures logicielles multi-couches qui soient adaptées. Typiquement, une couche fonctionnelle renferme des modules en charge de commander les éléments matériels du système et de fournir des services élémentaires. Pour être robuste, la couche fonctionnelle doit être dotée de mécanismes de protection vis-à-vis de requêtes erronées ou inopportunes issues de la couche supérieure. Nous présentons une méthodologie pour tester la robustesse de ces mécanismes. Nous définissons un cadre général pour évaluer la robustesse d'une couche fonctionnelle par la caractérisation de son comportement vis-à-vis de requêtes inopportunes. Nous proposons également un environnement de validation basé sur l'injection de fautes dans le logiciel de commande d'un robot simulé. Un grand nombre de cas de tests est généré automatiquement par la mutation d'une séquence de requêtes valides. Les statistiques descriptives des comportements en présence de requêtes inopportunes sont analysées afin d'évaluer la robustesse du système sous test. ABSTRACT : The implementation of autonomous systems requires the development and the using of multi-layer software architecture. Typically, a functional layer contains several modules that control the material of the system and provide elementary services. To be robust, the functional layer must be implemented with protection mechanisms with respect to erroneous or inopportune requests sent from the superior layer. We present a methodology for robustness testing these mechanisms. We define a general framework to evaluate the robustness of a functional layer by characterizing its behavior with respect to inappropriate requests. We also propose an validation environment based on fault injection in the control software of a simulated robot. A great number of test cases is generated automatically by the mutation of a sequence of valid requests. The descriptive statistics of the behaviors in the presence of inappropriate requests are analyzed in order to evaluate the robustness of the system under test

STUDY ON INSPECTION OF THE PUTATIVE HYBRIDS BETWEEN TRACK-LACKING WILD MALE GAUR (BOS GAURUS) AND DOMESTIC FEMALE COW (BOS TAURUS) IN PHUOC BINH NATIONAL PARK, VIETNAM

Hybridization between wild and domestic bovine occurs widely due to the overlapping of the natural habitat of the wild and human farm animals. Due to the loss of habitat, the number of wild gaur (Bos gaurus) in Vietnam was in serious decline. Since 2009, a male wild gaur (Bos gaurus) has appeared and incorporated with female domestic cows (Bos taurus) in buffer zone Phuoc Binh National Park, on the border with Lam Dong and Ninh Thuan provinces. Then, several calves were born that carried some traits of wild gaur including physical characteristics and behaviors. These calves were supposed to be offspring between wild gaur and domestic cows. In previous study, the karyotypes of putative calves were identified with 2n = 58 and non-homologous chromosome 28 and 29 in these hybrids. In this study, we characterized the putative hybrids between track-lacking Bos gaurus and Bos taurus for breeding and preservation using Cytochrome b analysis, microsatellites and a novel marker growth hormone factor 1 (POU1F1). Cytochrome b analysis indicated the maternal lineage of the putative hybrids, with 100% nucleotide sequence identity. Microsatellite BM861 and sequence of ZFY gene region reveal Bos taurus chromosome Y origin was among the male putative hybrids. Importantly, the analysis of POU1F1 gene sequence on 1 chromosome showed efficacy in determining both Bos gaurus and Bos taurus lineage in the putative hybrids. The karyotyping results were confirmed by molecular analysis and our results provide a feasible way for detecting the putative hybrids between wild and domestic cattle in case of lacking the wild trace

Countering Eavesdroppers with Meta-learning-based Cooperative Ambient Backscatter Communications

This article introduces a novel lightweight framework using ambient backscattering communications to counter eavesdroppers. In particular, our framework divides an original message into two parts: (i) the active-transmit message transmitted by the transmitter using conventional RF signals and (ii) the backscatter message transmitted by an ambient backscatter tag that backscatters upon the active signals emitted by the transmitter. Notably, the backscatter tag does not generate its own signal, making it difficult for an eavesdropper to detect the backscattered signals unless they have prior knowledge of the system. Here, we assume that without decoding/knowing the backscatter message, the eavesdropper is unable to decode the original message. Even in scenarios where the eavesdropper can capture both messages, reconstructing the original message is a complex task without understanding the intricacies of the message-splitting mechanism. A challenge in our proposed framework is to effectively decode the backscattered signals at the receiver, often accomplished using the maximum likelihood (MLK) approach. However, such a method may require a complex mathematical model together with perfect channel state information (CSI). To address this issue, we develop a novel deep meta-learning-based signal detector that can not only effectively decode the weak backscattered signals without requiring perfect CSI but also quickly adapt to a new wireless environment with very little knowledge. Simulation results show that our proposed learning approach, without requiring perfect CSI and complex mathematical model, can achieve a bit error ratio close to that of the MLK-based approach. They also clearly show the efficiency of the proposed approach in dealing with eavesdropping attacks and the lack of training data for deep learning models in practical scenarios

Global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Funding: F Carvalho and E Fernandes acknowledge support from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P. (FCT), in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of the Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of the Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy i4HB; FCT/MCTES through the project UIDB/50006/2020. J Conde acknowledges the European Research Council Starting Grant (ERC-StG-2019-848325). V M Costa acknowledges the grant SFRH/BHD/110001/2015, received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006.proofepub_ahead_of_prin

Prospects for Food Fermentation in South-East Asia, Topics From the Tropical Fermentation and Biotechnology Network at the End of the AsiFood Erasmus+Project

Fermentation has been used for centuries to produce food in South-East Asia and some foods of this region are famous in the whole world. However, in the twenty first century, issues like food safety and quality must be addressed in a world changing from local business to globalization. In Western countries, the answer to these questions has been made through hygienisation, generalization of the use of starters, specialization of agriculture and use of long-distance transportation. This may have resulted in a loss in the taste and typicity of the products, in an extensive use of antibiotics and other chemicals and eventually, in a loss in the confidence of consumers to the products. The challenges awaiting fermentation in South-East Asia are thus to improve safety and quality in a sustainable system producing tasty and typical fermented products and valorising by-products. At the end of the “AsiFood Erasmus+ project” (www.asifood.org), the goal of this paper is to present and discuss these challenges as addressed by the Tropical Fermentation Network, a group of researchers from universities, research centers and companies in Asia and Europe. This paper presents current actions and prospects on hygienic, environmental, sensorial and nutritional qualities of traditional fermented food including screening of functional bacteria and starters, food safety strategies, research for new antimicrobial compounds, development of more sustainable fermentations and valorisation of by-products. A specificity of this network is also the multidisciplinary approach dealing with microbiology, food, chemical, sensorial, and genetic analyses, biotechnology, food supply chain, consumers and ethnology

Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-Adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2017 : A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study

Importance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data. Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning. Evidence Review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-Adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence. Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs). Conclusions and Relevance: The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care. © 2019 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

Test and Evaluation of the Robustness of the Functional Layer of an Autonomous Robot

La mise en oeuvre de systèmes autonomes nécessite le développement et l'utilisation d'architectures logicielles multi-couches qui soient adaptées. Typiquement, une couche fonctionnelle renferme des modules en charge de commander les éléments matériels du système et de fournir des services élémentaires. Pour être robuste, la couche fonctionnelle doit être dotée de mécanismes de protection vis-à-vis de requêtes erronées ou inopportunes issues de la couche supérieure. Nous présentons une méthodologie pour tester la robustesse de ces mécanismes. Nous définissons un cadre général pour évaluer la robustesse d'une couche fonctionnelle par la caractérisation de son comportement vis-à-vis de requêtes inopportunes. Nous proposons également un environnement de validation basé sur l'injection de fautes dans le logiciel de commande d'un robot simulé. Un grand nombre de cas de tests est généré automatiquement par la mutation d'une séquence de requêtes valides. Les statistiques descriptives des comportements en présence de requêtes inopportunes sont analysées afin d'évaluer la robustesse du système sous test.The implementation of autonomous systems requires the development and the using of multi-layer software architecture. Typically, a functional layer contains several modules that control the material of the system and provide elementary services. To be robust, the functional layer must be implemented with protection mechanisms with respect to erroneous or inopportune requests sent from the superior layer. We present a methodology for robustness testing these mechanisms. We define a general framework to evaluate the robustness of a functional layer by characterizing its behavior with respect to inappropriate requests. We also propose an validation environment based on fault injection in the control software of a simulated robot. A great number of test cases is generated automatically by the mutation of a sequence of valid requests. The descriptive statistics of the behaviors in the presence of inappropriate requests are analyzed in order to evaluate the robustness of the system under test