Caracterización Vitícola del cv. Carignan en el secano interior de la Región del Maule

35 p.El cultivar Carignan fue introducido a Chile en el año 1939, por el Ministerio de Agricultura después del terremoto de Chillan con el fin de mejorar la acidez y el color de los vinos producidos a partir del cv. País. Los resultados de esta iniciativa no fueron los esperados y el área de cultivo del cv. Carignan se concentró sólo en el secano interior de la Región del Maule y sus uvas, comercializadas a bajos precios para la elaboración de vinos corrientes. El año 2000 se produce un redescubrimiento enológico de este cultivar por parte de un grupo de enólogos, los que posteriormente se organizan y asocian para lanzar una marca colectiva en el año 2011. En el 2014, un vino Carignan Chileno es reconocido con 95 puntos por una revista especializada, convirtiéndolo en uno de los mejores vinos de Chile. Es por esto que en el año 2015 se establece un ensayo en 24 viñedos del secano interior, con el objetivo caracterizar el comportamiento vegetativo y reproductivo de este cultivar, además de conocer los componentes de la arquitectura de los racimos producidos bajo las distintas condiciones edáficas del secano interior. En cada viñedo seleccionado se estableció una estación de monitoreo con tres repeticiones (60 plantas por repetición). Se realizó una evaluación ampelográfica clásica de las plantas para asegurar su identidad y se procedió a monitorear la madurez periódicamente. Una vez por semana se muestrearon de forma aleatoria 100 bayas por repetición para conocer la acumulación de solidos solubles (°Brix) y el pH. Una vez alcanzada la madurez esperada (24- 25° Brix y pH 3,4-3,6), este seguimiento agrupó los viñedos en tres zonas con distintas fechas de cosecha, al momento de la vendimia se cosecharon nueve plantas por cada repetición, para analizar cuantos brotes productivos emitió la planta, cual fue el número de racimos que produjo y la carga frutal con la que llego a la cosecha. En lo referente a los brotes que desarrolló la planta se observa que Vald y Rrio en Cauquenes con Agda en Sauzal presentan entre 5 y 11 brotes, en cambio Meli 21, Vill 25 y Ome 24 brotes, por otra parte en lo que respecta al número de racimos por planta se observa que Vald muestra 8 racimos y Gil 12 racimos por planta, mientras que Meli presenta 44 racimos y Jben 46, las diferencias encontradas son de casi 5 veces entre el mayor y el menor. La carga frutal encontrada en los viñedos varío entre 0,9 para Vata y 1,4 kg para Vald, ambas en Cauquenes, por otra parte Core, Sucu y Meli presentan sobre 7 kg de carga, evidenciándose diferencias del orden del 700% entre las viñas con menor carga en comparación con los viñedos de mayor carga frutal. Las Diferencias en las variables medidas se atribuyen principalmente a las condiciones de suelo sobre las que descansan las cepas, en donde la capacidad de retención de agua modela el crecimiento y desarrollo en las vides de secano a lo largo de la temporada ya que estas no se riegan. El clima, no considerado en este estudio es un factor determinante en el comportamiento de la especie./ABSTRAct: The Carignan cultivar was introduced in Chile after the 1939 earthquake in Chillan, by the Ministry of Agriculture in order to improve the acidity and colour of the wine produced from cv. (Mission). The results of this initiative were not those expected and the area of cultivation of cv. Carignan was concentrated only in the dry land areas of the Maule region and its grapes, sold at low prices for production of ordinary wines. In 2000 there was an oenological rediscovery of this cultivar by a group of winemakers, who later organized and join forces to launch a collective mark in 2011. In 2014, a Chilean Carignan wine is awarded with 95 points in a specialized journal, making it as one of the best wines of Chile. That is why in 2015 a trial was set to 24 vineyards inland dry land, with the aim to characterize the vegetative and reproductive behavior of this cultivar, and to describe the components of the clusters architecture produced under different soil conditions inside dry land. At each selected vineyard a monitoring station was established with three replications (60 plants per repetition).a classical ampelographic plant evaluation was performed to ensure its identity and the fruit maturity was periodically monitored. Once a week 100 berries per replicate were randomly sampled to know the accumulation of soluble solids (°Brix) and pH. After reaching the expected maturity (24-25 ° brix and pH 3.4-3.6), vineyards were grouped into three zones with different dates of harvest. At harvest time nine plants were collected from each repetition, to analyze how many productive shoots were grown per plant, the number of bunches produced and fruit load at harvest. Regarding shoots per plant Vald and Rrio in Cauquenes and Agda in Sauzal showed between 5 to 11 shoots per plant, however Meli 21, Vill 25 and Ome only had 24 shoots. On the other hand regarding to the number of bunches per plant Vald showed 8 clusters and Gil 12 clusters per plant, while Meli and Jben has 44 and 46 clusters, this differences almost 5 times between the largest and smallest. The fruit load found in vineyards was between 0.9 and 1.4 kg for Vata to Vald, both in Cauquenes, moreover Core, Sucu and Meli presented over 7kg load, showing differences in the order of 700% magnitud of the vines less cropped compared to high fruit load vineyards. Differences in the measured variables are mainly attributed to soil conditions upon which the plant rest, where the capacity of water retention models the growth and development on the vines dry throughout the season as these are not irrigate. The weather, not considered in this study could also be a determining factor in behavior of the cultivar

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Evolving trends in the management of acute appendicitis during COVID-19 waves. The ACIE appy II study

Background: In 2020, ACIE Appy study showed that COVID-19 pandemic heavily affected the management of patients with acute appendicitis (AA) worldwide, with an increased rate of non-operative management (NOM) strategies and a trend toward open surgery due to concern of virus transmission by laparoscopy and controversial recommendations on this issue. The aim of this study was to survey again the same group of surgeons to assess if any difference in management attitudes of AA had occurred in the later stages of the outbreak. Methods: From August 15 to September 30, 2021, an online questionnaire was sent to all 709 participants of the ACIE Appy study. The questionnaire included questions on personal protective equipment (PPE), local policies and screening for SARS-CoV-2 infection, NOM, surgical approach and disease presentations in 2021. The results were compared with the results from the previous study. Results: A total of 476 answers were collected (response rate 67.1%). Screening policies were significatively improved with most patients screened regardless of symptoms (89.5% vs. 37.4%) with PCR and antigenic test as the preferred test (74.1% vs. 26.3%). More patients tested positive before surgery and commercial systems were the preferred ones to filter smoke plumes during laparoscopy. Laparoscopic appendicectomy was the first option in the treatment of AA, with a declined use of NOM. Conclusion: Management of AA has improved in the last waves of pandemic. Increased evidence regarding SARS-COV-2 infection along with a timely healthcare systems response has been translated into tailored attitudes and a better care for patients with AA worldwide

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Search for anomalous couplings in boosted WW/WZ -> l nu q(q)over-bar production in proton-proton collisions at root s=8TeV

Peer reviewe

Measurement of t(t)over-bar normalised multi-differential cross sections in pp collisions at root s=13 TeV, and simultaneous determination of the strong coupling strength, top quark pole mass, and parton distribution functions

Peer reviewe

An embedding technique to determine ττ backgrounds in proton-proton collision data

An embedding technique is presented to estimate standard model tau tau backgrounds from data with minimal simulation input. In the data, the muons are removed from reconstructed mu mu events and replaced with simulated tau leptons with the same kinematic properties. In this way, a set of hybrid events is obtained that does not rely on simulation except for the decay of the tau leptons. The challenges in describing the underlying event or the production of associated jets in the simulation are avoided. The technique described in this paper was developed for CMS. Its validation and the inherent uncertainties are also discussed. The demonstration of the performance of the technique is based on a sample of proton-proton collisions collected by CMS in 2017 at root s = 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 41.5 fb(-1).Peer reviewe