A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world

Quantification of the frequency-magnitude relationship (regression analysis) in the Borde Llanero: Huila-Meta-Cundinamarca-Boyacá-Casanare, from data of the RSNC

Hacia mediados del siglo XIX fue inventado en Europa el primer sismógrafo moderno con el objetivo de registrar los terremotos; aunque, ya los antiguos chinos habían intentado desde hacía siglos establecer la dirección desde la procedían estas sacudidas. Los sismógrafos miden el movimiento producido por un sismo a través de un registro denominado sismograma, el sismograma es una representación gráfica de las ondas sísmicas. La magnitud, una de las dos maneras de medir un sismo, es una forma de cuantificar la energía liberada por un terremoto; la magnitud se calcula a partir de registros sísmicos (sismogramas) y de esta manera se cuantifica la energía liberada en el foco de un terremoto. Hoy en día se sabe que la lenta acumulación de energía a lo largo de zonas específicas en la corteza terrestre produce con el paso del tiempo rupturas en la zona sometida a esfuerzos. La relación Gutenberg-Richter (ley G-R, 1954) representa la correlación entre la magnitud de los sismos y su repetitividad durante un período de tiempo, y permite cuantificar dicha relación. El valor b es la pendiente (en escala logarítmica) de la distribución de la relación G-R; su estimación se relaciona directamente con el esfuerzo promedio en una fuente sísmica/sismogénica. En esta investigación se determinará el valor b. El valor b -una constante aproximadamente igual a 1,0- se calcula como parte inicial en la formulación del modelo de amenaza de línea fuente; su variación temporal (la variación del valor b) permite describir la distribución de probabilidades, el rango de magnitudes posibles y probables, y la tasa de ocurrencia de los sismos de una fuente sísmica específica. En el presente trabajo se empleará el análisis de regresión (y el Método de Máxima Verosimilitud, EVM) para cuantificar la relación entre las variables número de sismos N y magnitud ML dentro de denominada Borde Llanero: Huila-Meta-Cundinamarca-Boyacá-Casanare, y dominada por el Sistema de Fallas Frontal de la Cordillera Oriental (SFFFCO). La cuantificación de la relación frecuencia-magnitud se realizará a partir de los datos registrados desde 1993, y hasta 2017, por la Red Sismológica Nacional de Colombia RSNC.By the middle of the nineteenth century the first modern seismograph was invented in Europe with the aim of recording the earthquakes; although the ancient Chinese had already tried for centuries to establish the direction from which came round this shake. Seismographs measure the movement produced by an earthquake through a record called seismogram, the seismogram is a graphical representation of seismic waves. Magnitude, one of two ways of measuring an earthquake, is a way of quantifying the energy released by an earthquake; the magnitude is calculated from seismic records (seismograms) and thus quantifies the energy released in the focus of an earthquake. Nowadays, it is known that the slow accumulation of energy along specific zones in the Earth's crust over time produces ruptures in the area under stress. The Gutenberg-Richter ratio (law G-R, 1954) represents the correlation between the magnitude of the earthquakes and its repetitiveness over a period of time, and it allows quantifying this relationship. The value b is the slope (in logarithmic scale) of the distribution of the G-R ratio; its estimate is directly related to the average stress in a seismic/seismogenic source. In this investigation, the b value will be determined. The value b - a constant approximately equal to 1.0 - is calculated as an initial part in the formulation of the source line threat model; its temporal variation (the variation of the b-value) allows describing the distribution of probabilities, the range of possible and probable magnitudes, and the rate of occurrence of the earthquakes of a specific seismic source. In the present work the regression analysis (and Maximum Likelihood Estimation, MLE) will be used to quantify the relationship between the number of earthquakes N and magnitude ML within the region called Borde Llanero: Huila -Meta-Cundinamarca-Boyacá-Casanare, and dominated by the East Frontal Fault System (EFFS). The quantification of the frequency-magnitude relationship will be made from data recorded since 1993, and until 2017, by the National Seismological Network of Colombia RSNC (for its acronym in Spanish)